Investigating the effectiveness of Mobile Antivirus Application on Android and Windows Mobile Phone Essay

Chapter 1: Anti-virus Applications on Mobile Devices Mobile phone anti-virus software refers to security software programs which have been professionally developed to protect device users from viruses, worms, Trojans and other malicious programs and removing them where possible. Anti-virus software programs have lately gained popularity due the increased incidences of malicious threats of attack on the web. There are several new viruses that are detected on a day to day basis on the cyberspace. While some of these viruses may be harmless, others are annoying and quite destructive. Certain viruses replicate themselves, but others may cause serious problems to the extent of erasing all data on a device drive. The use of anti-virus for device protection can be applied to multiple operating systems including Mobile Windows and Android mobile phones (iSoftwareReviews 2010). Antivirus software works in various technical ways to give protection to and remove viruses from mobile devices. This normally occur through two security scanning functions namely On-Access Scanning and On-Demand Scanning. The On-Access scanning works in real-time to ensure a mobile device is protected at all times by monitoring for viruses to any accessing in the mobile device, for example while opening a file or opening an application. Despite of the fact that this software slows down the speed of a device, its role in antivirus protection is so critical and should thus be enabled at all times. On-Demand Scanning offers antivirus protection only when activated to scan any particular area, folder, file, or drive. The program then provides a scan report about how many viruses that have been found in the scanned item. In the event that a virus is detected, the program will notify the user and recommend an action which includes either to deleting or quarantine the virus (iSoftwareRevie ws 2010). The rapidly increasing advancements of mobile phone technology to include a number of useful features have made android and windows mobile phones very popular pocket personal computers. This increased popularity has not however come with its own setbacks. Just like the ordinary personal computers, android and windows mobile phones have also been subjected to increased viruses attack. Virus attack has therefore become the latest and single biggest threat to the mobile phone industry. Subsequently, numerous companies dealing in software have come up with anti-virus for use in the android and windows mobile phones. These are mainly anti-virus software packages developed to provide anti-virus protection to mobile phones (iSoftwareReviews 2010). There are a number of anti-virus software programs for mobile phones that are available to the users. The main mobile phone anti-virus software includes AhnLab Mobile Security, Avast! PDA Edition, Avira Antivir Mobile, BitDefender Mobile Security, BullGuard Mobile Antivirus, Dr.Web Mobile Security Suite, F-Secure Mobile Security, Kaspersky Mobile Security, and Norton Smartphone Security. AhnLab Mobile Security software provides a solution for viruses and worms protection and removal. It runs under windows mobile and android mobile phones. Avast! PDA Edition is an antivirus protection for PalmOS and Windows CE, Android phones, and Pocket PC based devices (iSoftwareReviews 2010). Avira AntiVir Mobile provides professional virus and malware protection for pocket PCs, Windows mobile and Android mobile phones. BitDefender Mobile Security provides solution for virus protection and removal for PDAs and Smartphone that run on Windows mobile or Android mobile phones. BullGuard Mobile Antivirus provides solutions for protecting Pocket PCs and Windows mobile against viruses and other malicious programs. Dr.Web Mobile Security Suite is designed to provide anti-virus security solutions for pocket PCs that runs on Windows Mobile operating system. F-Secure Mobile Security is a complete mobile security software package that includes anti-virus, anti-spyware, a firewall and a remote control anti-theft feature for protection. Kaspersky Mobile Security also provides a complete protection package including Anti-theft protection, virus protection, firewall and anti-spam for SMS, EMS, and MMS. Norton Smartphone Security offers anti-virus, anti-spam, and firewall for Windows mobi le and Android mobile protection (iSoftwareReviews 2010). Protecting an android and window mobile phone from attack requires a complete understanding of all application communication. This is important because software can only protect a device if and only if it is able to read the same information as the mobile phone device, subsequently application layer threats. It may not be possible within the technological framework for antivirus software to understand application communications or analyse application behaviour through the deep inspection of intrusion prevention packets, whether on individual basis or when reassembled into their original sequence. Similarly, network-level antivirus may detect a small number of known, easily identifiable security threats by simply examining pre-programmed patterns (Citrix Systems 2006).   Installation of antivirus is the best known way of protecting android and windows mobile phones. The best types of antivirus are the application firewalls since they operate at the application layer instead of the network level. The application firewalls are able to enforce correct application behaviour while preventing any malicious activity. This is because the firewalls are able to inspect the actual internet communication and understand the context of all client requests and application responses through which they are sent to the internet. A complete mobile phone security application needs to offer full protection of all the elements of an application as well as users of the application. In most cases however, security applications for mobile phones are only limited to the application programme and application data (Citrix Systems 2006). Thesis Statement Despite web devices continuing to face significant security threats, mobile phones go completely unprotected while web browsing, downloading applications, checking e-mail, conducting online banking and connecting to social networking sites like Twitter and Facebook. While mobile attacks are increasing rapidly and hackers are financially motivated to steal data, identities, and intercept corporate communications, it has become critical to protect mobile devices such as android phone and Windows phones. Background of the study Smartphone security is the process of preventing and detecting unauthorized use of your system. Prevention measures help you to stop unauthorized users (also known as â€Å"intruders†) from accessing any part of your mobile phone system. Detection helps you to determine whether or not someone attempted to break into your system, if they were successful, and what they may have done. We use android and windows mobile for everything from banking and investing to shopping and communicating with others through email or chat programs.   Although you may not consider your communications â€Å"top secret,† you probably do not want strangers reading your email, using your phone to attack other systems, sending forged email from your phone, or examining personal information stored on your phone (such as financial statements). There are a variety of antivirus software packages that operate in many different ways, depending on how the vendor chose to implement their software. What they have in common, though, is that they all look for patterns in the files or memory of your Smartphone that indicate the possible presence of a known virus. Antivirus packages know what to look for through the use of virus profiles (sometimes called â€Å"signatures†) provided by the vendor. New viruses are discovered daily. The effectiveness of antivirus software is dependent on having the latest virus profiles installed on your Smartphone so that it can look for recently discovered viruses. It is important to keep these profiles up to date. Chapter 2: Android Phone Emulators An android mobile phone is a phone fitted with a set of software consisting of operating systems, middleware and other major applications. The main features of android include application framework for facilitating reuse and replacement of components, Dalvik virtual machine which is optimised for mobile devices, optimised graphics, an integrated browser, media tools for common audio, video and still image formats, SQLite for structured data storage, and GSM Telephony. Other features include Bluetooth, Camera, and Rich development consisting of a device emulator, tools for debugging, memory and performance profiling. Android technology is dependent on Linux version 2.6 to power the main system servicing including security, memory management, process management, network stack, and driver models (Android Developers 2010). Android technology is made up of a multi-process system in which each application runs in its own process. A standard Linux facility is responsible for coordinating security between different applications such as user and group identifications assigned to the applications in Android mobile phone. The crux of the security applications is on the basis of the concept that no application, by default, has access to perform any operation with a potential of adversely impacting on other applications, the operating system, or the user. The applications that the Linux facility must grant permission include reading or writing the user’s private data, reading or writing another application’s file, performing network access, and keeping the device awake. The permission that an application requires is statistically declared in that application so that Linux facility can master the upfront during installation and not subject to change thereafter (Android Developers 2010). The antivirus software for mobile forms utilises various virus detection methods. The two main virus detection methods include signature based detection and behaviour based detection. Signature Based Detection makes use of virus signatures dictionary to compare the files when checking for viruses. A signature dictionary is a database containing very many virus signatures which the software manufacturer has so far found. The user is expected to continually update the virus signature directory as when new viruses, worms, Trojans, and other malicious programs appear. Failure to update the dictionary may lead to failure of the software to detect emerging viruses. The behaviour Based Detection is designed to monitor and control any activities in the device system for suspicious program behaviour. In the event that a suspicious behaviour is detected, the software probes further into that suspicious behaviour by applying the signature based detection to countercheck whether the activity is malicious or not. In the event that the suspicious program is malicious, an alert will be generated to notify the user. Android emulator is a virtual mobile device which runs on a phone system and allows the user to prototype, develop, and test android applications for possible malicious programs without necessarily using a physical device. This device mimics all the hardware and software features of a phone save for the fact that it cannot receive or make a call. As soon as a particular application starts to run on the emulator, it may make use of the services of the android platform to invoke other applications, access the network, and notify the user. The emulators also contain various debug capabilities like console from which the user can log kernel output, simulate application interrupts, and simulate latency effects and dropouts on the data channel (Android developers 2010). As stated earlier, android utilises a multi-process system in which each and every application runs on its own process. Since majority of the security between applications is granted at the process level, android emulators provide more detailed security features through a permission mechanism that enforces restriction on the specific operations that any particular process can perform and permission for granting ad-hoc access to specific pieces of data. While the emulators ensures that no application acts in a manner that can adversely affect another application, it is still possible for an application to encroach into the actions of another application as long as permission is forehand obtained in order to perform the foreign function not provided by the basic nucleus (Vennon 2010). The android emulators can also disallow these extraneous permissions on the basis of the certificates that were used to sign the application or by simply prompting the user. The permission that an application will require to function outside its nucleus is statistically declared by the emulators within the application and will be relayed to the Smartphone user, and the permission will not change. The android emulators consider malware to be malicious software designed to infiltrate a Smartphone system without the user’s informed consent (Vennon 2010).

Tecsmart Electronics Case Study

CASE STUDY: CHAPTER 2 I. TECSMART ELECTRONICS 1. ) Discuss how the practices that TecSmart identified support Deming’s 14 points. * Create a Vision  and demonstrate commitment- The senior leaders set objectives (mission and vision) and strategic goals of the company. * Learn the new philosophy- The company uses customer feedback, and market research to learn new philosophy and improve quality of work. * Institute trainings – All employees are trained in a 5-step problem solving process and undergo customer relationship training. Improve Constantly and Forever – New product introduction teams work with design engineers and customers to ensure that design requirements are met during the manufacturing and testing. The company goes for a market research to come up with new products and designs. 2. ) How do these practices support the Baldrige criteria? Specifically, identify which of the questions in the criteria each of these practices address. * Leadership â€⠀œ Senior leaders guide cross-functional teams to review and develop individual plans for representation to employees. Strategic Planning- Senior leaders set company objectives * Customer and Market Focus- All complaints are handled by the vice president of sales. All employees received customer relationship training. * Human resource focus- All employees were trained for handling problems. * Process Management – All employees trained in 5 step problem solving process. * Business Results – Quality is assessed through internal audits, employee opinion surveys, and customer feedback. 3. ) What are some obvious opportunities for improvement relative to the Baldrige criteria?What actions would you recommend that TecSmart do to improve its pursuit of performance excellence using Baldrige criteria? * Key results areas were not defined. * The organization must become active in its governance and social responsibility measures. * Lack of performance measure system that looks i nto real time marketplace performance, and operational performance. II. Can Six Sigma Work in Health Care? 1. What would be your agenda for this meeting? Stress about accountability and recognize any achievements. 2. What questions would you need answered before proposing a Six Sigma implementation plan?Questions like does everyone understand our goal why we are implementing this Six Sigma plan and how it can help us improve. Question about S-M-A-R-T should also take into consideration. (Is it systematic, measureable, attainable, realistic, time bound? ) 3. How would you design an infrastructure to support Six Sigma at SLRMC? I will let everyone know that the effectively of Six Sigma depend on making decisions that are critical to your customers and the health of your business. it forces us to think strategically and critically where to allocate our limited resources to fix the most critical issues. CDL

Themes and Issues in the Modern Global Economy Research Paper

Themes and Issues in the Modern Global Economy - Research Paper Example As a result, the need to venture into areas where the cost of production is cheaper and easier to market to other areas arises. Despite these merits, the political, economic, social, technological and environmental issues have to be put into consideration and optimally explored to ensure maximum profitability. The country which offers better marketing mix attributes has many multinational companies knocking to invest their resources in order to maximize profitability. One such country is China. The products to be bought are electronics mainly television sets and computers. These two are quite crucial in the everyday life of an American and the rapid technological improvements are making them quite dynamic. This dynamism allows the company to tap into the different market potentials with different marketing mix strategies put into efficient use. International Business International business activities affect many spheres of people’s daily lives. Whether one looks at the product s, services and the impact of each of these, the results are obvious; internationalization of business is imminent. The act of globalization makes business much easier as different agreements and trading blocs allow for greater and easier access to products and services at reduced or subsidized prices. This reduces the cost of production and increases a company’s profitability. Business restrictions are lessened every day with competition spreading on a global scale. The use of currencies is also being harmonized in some trade blocs such as the European Union with political relations being strengthened amongst the principal economic powers. The better relations ensure peace and stability; hence better global economic prospects. This further leads to better trades and economic relations that lead to sound competition and proper utilization of resources. Imports and exports have thus been key determinants of how well a country is performing in terms of its GDP growth and the le vel of economic freedom.

The Strategic Role of Global Information Systems Essay

The Strategic Role of Global Information Systems - Essay Example Introduction The relationship between corporate strategy and information systems functions was not a central interest for the top management of organizations for some time. Information systems were primarily synonymous with corporate data processing and regarded as back-room operations to support the day-to-day operations (Ezingeard, McFadzean, and Birchal, 2007:99). However, the 80s and the 90s saw a growing realization of strategizing information systems for the organization. Interestingly, information systems have been present since the beginning of time, but the integration with information technology is a newcomer to the field. The functions of IT-based information systems have had significant impacts to organizations and people such that only a few (if any) company can afford the risk of ignoring these functions despite the fear and frustrations they evoke sometimes (Currie and Galliers, 2002:76). Some organizations regard information systems as unavoidable to remain in busines s, while others perceive the systems as a strategic opportunity that may proactively identify strategies to gain a competitive edge against competitors. Regardless of an organization’s stance, embarking of investment on information systems proves to be a non-reversible decision. Information technology has become powerful and cheap, and its use in organizations has spread at a rapid rate. Different management levels are using IT-based information systems in contrast to the earlier application at the operational level only. However, more organizations are focusing on improving efficiency and maintaining business effectiveness, as well as strategically manage organizations (Irani, Love, and Hides, 2000:23). The increasing complexity of managerial tasks translated to the complex nature of information systems required: from routine, structured support to unstructured, complex, ad hoc enquiries at the peak level of management. Information systems has the potential to change the way organizations work and the very nature of their business. In the information technology world, there has been introduction of electronic markets, where buying and selling occurs in a matter of seconds, disrupting the conventional distribution and marketing channels (Lacity and Willcocks, 2000:31). The advent of Electronic Data Interchange has not only increased transaction speed but also ensures subscribers of accuracy of information they receive from buyers and suppliers and perhaps reap cost reduction benefits using automated reordering processes. On higher strategic level, an organization may pass information to its customers or suppliers to provide or gain better service. Providing higher quality services to the customers than the competitors may result to the differentiation required to gain a competitive edge on a short term. However, continual improvement to the quality of services offered may enhance the competitiveness of an organization on a long-term basis (Magdaleno et al., 2008:305). However, the unprecedented and rapid change in information technology has profound impacts on IT-based informat

'the effects job satisfaction has on an organisation in regards to Essay

'the effects job satisfaction has on an organisation in regards to performance & productivity, turnover and absenteeism - Essay Example The satisfaction and dissatisfaction of employees affects the rate of turnover and absenteeism in an organisation. If an employee is not satisfied with the working environment, then he/she can quit the job, which increases the turnover rate. This affects operations of the organisation to a great extent that can even lead to suspension of the work. This study highlights job satisfaction on the turnover rate and absenteeism in an organisation It is observed, from the survey undertaken by CIPD, there is a positive correlation between job satisfaction and pay, promotion and rewards. Thus, it can be portrayed that performance management plays an important role in fulfilling the expectation of the employees. Pay and promotion is identified to be most significant aspects of job satisfaction since it motivates employees to work harder for the organisation. The aim and objective are very important for projects since these direct the whole content. After determination of project aim, objectives are set. The project frames few objectives that are examined in order to justify validity of initial project topic. Psychology plays an important role in various phases of human life. Higher importance is given to mental condition of individuals (employees) in organisations so as to enhance productivity. The human resource management of any organisation takes into consideration the mental well-being of their employees so that their productivity is not harmed. Arnold, et al. (1998 cited in Markos and Sridevi, 2010) has pointed out the two main reasons why job satisfaction has gained importance in the recent years. The first and foremost significant reason is that job satisfaction acts as an indicator of mental condition of a human. Thus, it helps in identifying whether a particular employee is happy or not in his/her workplace. Secondly, it is assumed that if employees are content with their work, then they are motivated to put in their full effort, thereby

Best Practices in Teaching Comprehension Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Best Practices in Teaching Comprehension - Essay Example The underlying mechanisms by which comprehension and knowledge acquisition occur are 'top-bottom' and 'bottom-up' technologies. Bottom-up or data driven activation of schema occurs when information on the page activates a certain low level schemata or feature detectors which in turn activate or instantiate a higher up sub schema or other higher up structure. In that processing manner,information enters into the perceptual system from the most specific feature at the bottom and travels upward to the most general structure in the system. On the other hand,conceptual driven activation occurs when the highest and most abstract structure at the top of the system sends down information through the hierarchy of structures till it reaches the lowest structure or the feature detector. This processing flow of information in a top-down manner is brought to account for incoming data and to comprehend it as a correct interpretation of the input. Both types of mechanisms work in both directions. The process of understanding discourse is the process of finding a configuration that offers an adequate account of the passage in question. Clues from the passage suggest possible interpretations (instantiation of schemata) that are then evaluated against the successive sentences of the passage until finally a consistent interpretation is discovered. The scenario of the passage is an information network called from the long-term memory by a particular linguistic input which is a basic principle of enabling the knowledge of the reader to be used in such a way as to allow for direct interpretation of entities or events predicted by his knowledge. To the extent that any text conforms to the predictions it is readily interpreted,if not,it will be more difficult to understand. Reading is a far more creative activity than most think with information in the text better regarded as evidence or even building blocks from which readers construct their own meanings and often their entire experiences. There are four theories for the failure of a reader to understand correctly a written passage: 1-The reader may not have the appropriate schemata,i.e,cannot understand the concept being communicated. 2-The reader may have the appropriate schemata but the clues provided by the author may be insufficient to suggest them. 3-The reader may find a consistent interpretation of the text but may not find the one intended by the author. In such case,the reader will 'understand' the text but will misunderstand the author. 4-The reader may have the appropriate schemata and that the writer may have provided sufficient clues in the text but the reader has not learned how to decode clues in a text. The ways to decode such difficulties is by understanding the following: a-Rationale of the mode: In seeking to study the role of background knowledge or schema, Carrel and Eisterhold draw the useful distinction between two types of schemata:content schemata represent background knowledge about the content area or the topic of a text whereas formal schemata represent background expectations about the rhetorical structure of a text. Carrell(1983) found out that the role of either content or formal schemata or

Search Integration of Social Media Research Paper

Search Integration of Social Media - Research Paper Example In the wake of globalization, various firms need to embrace the cultural diversity by incorporating various major search languages in its marketing strategy thereby giving organizations a local appeal in its geographically dispersed market. This is one of the tools that Zarah seems to utilize with an immense command on the market size in the fashion industry. It is common to realize that social media requires customization in respect of the cultural differences prevalent in the world and this has been done by introducing the use of various languages that are tailored to meet the demands of people (Hoffman & Bateson, 2009). It is, therefore, a boost for the organization to act locally and think globally in respect of placing website adverts. It has adopted online sales that constitute the display of varieties that the customers simply click on and obtain all the required information then transact online. This is more convenient for many people due to the paradigm shift of socio-econom ic order of the society which keeps people busy most of the time. It has equally diversified the social networking sites thereby enhancing chances of reaching out to many clients of all age brackets around the world. To optimize the use of social media, Zarah has a very active Twitter, Facebook, google+, daily blogs and other accounts on which it is able to count on the number of likes and pins after posting pictures of its variety of products. The figures obtained in this process and the comments provide a basis for reorganizing its strategies on appropriate marketing mix. Zarah also utilizes the social media to take note of the global fashion trend by responding immediately through Twitter and its other social media sites and collecting feedback on desires and modifications preferable to the existing and potential customers (Hoffman & Bateson, 2009). This has the updating effect with attraction consequences to the potential customers who are prolific internet browsers.

Mercy Killing or Just Killing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Mercy Killing or Just Killing - Essay Example Proponents for euthanasia have passionately defended their position for accepting and adopting its practice. World people are facing ever-growing moral dilemmas. With the advancements in the medical field also come new procedures as well as easier ways to deal with problems. A popular moral dilemma that comes to mind is abortion. Now many people are against abortion for religious reasons. Moreover, just like abortion, many consider assisted suicide as murder. However, it is both ridiculous and irrelevant to argue on whether assisted suicide should be legal. When I was young, my Oma (grandmother) was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. For years, she lingered in the home as her mind slowly decayed over time. First, she could not remember how to speak English. She would be talking and resort to her childhood language at random points. Therefore, she would say a 10-word sentence and a half of it would be spoken in English. Next came the hard memory, she would forget simple tasks and could not be left on her own. She would forget the location of the bathroom was in her own home. Next was perhaps the hardest to deal with, she forgot our names. First came distant relatives but finally, she could not remember my mom’s name, her own daughter. Lastly, she forgot how to do pretty much anything; she could not button shirts, she could not even move at all. When she was in the home, she got bedsores from lack of movement. Moreover, she could not get up to go to the bathroom. Now, this is obviously horrible but the worst was the few mom ents where she had a small amount of clarity where 2 seconds here 3 seconds there she would remember how to talk. I recall one such moment when she simply said to my mom who was visiting her in the home, she simply said, â€Å"help me.† I remember how it crushed my mother and crushed me. Now everyone has his or her own religion and personal belief but I will now ask you a very philosophical question.  

Compare the worldview of two societies with contrasting cultures Essay

Compare the worldview of two societies with contrasting cultures - Essay Example (Hollander, P. 1988 p 130) In addition, it will help visitors on Africa to recognize conflicts, which may arise, to accept, and work through difficulties in a positive manner, to identify positive areas of conflict, to accept difficulties they face as natural occurrences, to change to adapt to the African situation and work within the terms and conditions that exist. Finally, is to develop positive appreciation on the reasons of African culture as per the differences. On the other hand, this comparison will help Africans to understand how they can cope with the European cultures. It will also help Africans who want to understand European background. The Africans will also understand why it is hard for the Europeans to fit in to the society in a foreign country and why they act in strange ways. It will also smoothen the tensions which a rise between the Christians of Europeans and African background working together in African setting. In many occasions both sides are not aware why th e difficulties are arising. Differences between African and European Cultures Telephone: Two people communicate by a process. They can be communicating through English, Kiswahili or any other language. For example in USA, children are given basic telephone skills when they are young. Children learn the correct way of answering and calling when they are young before even going to school. Therefore, the Europeans who are in Kenya or the Kenyans who are in European countries should not assume such a background. Cultural assumptions concerning greeting and encounter are complicated by lack of training and experience. Every European must introduce them on the phone even if they are close. This is because of the formal procedure required in their background. However, as per Africans they call or answer and go direct to the point without introduction, which will make communication between Africans and Europeans hard. Permission to leave This is whereby one asks for permission before leavin g to another place or destination from where he/she was before. According to African culture and background, the owner of the house, office, or even compound as whole can leave in his own pleasure without even informing the workers as he/she is the head or is over everyone (Gannon, 2004 p.230). However, in the side of the Europeans one must seek for permission to leave even the father must seek permission from his children before leaving. Therefore, when the Europeans and African are working together they might not understand each other the Europeans will be asking for permission to leave even he /she is the employer. This will leave the Africans wondering. This will be opposite in the side of Africans as they can leave whenever they wish. Missionaries and Modesty In Europe, it was in fashion for women to wear floor length dresses, which had high collars. While in Africa, it was a fashion for women to wear nothing above the waist. This was quite inappropriate as according to the Afr icans they were adhering to their culture while the Europeans were also doing the same. This brought a lot of troubles and misunderstanding as according to Africans especially Zaire they knew that any woman who was covering his body above the waist was prostitute. It was ironical as missionaries were trying to turn good, morally upright, and modest women of the community into prostitutes. Contrasting African and European Cultures

Native American Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Native American - Term Paper Example I have noted that another major group included in the Native Americans is the African Americans also known as black Americans or Negroes. It includes descendants of captured Americans whose ancestors migrated into the territories that are currently known as United States. I have clearly seen that the ancestors were slaves brought from Africa or Caribbean states during the era of slave trade in the 17th century (William, 1969). I think that slavery remains to be one of the biggest challenges that American native faced in the mid 17th century. The prisoners of war would be captured by major African states and later on sold to American slave traders who would then transport them to work in plantations. I have noted that many slaves were restricted in their movements. In their transportation they would be chained down or stacked like wooden logs to prevent them from combining into mutiny. Once they arrived at their destination they were branded, and taken to the plantation. They would work for 18 hours a day where the whole family would work on the farm including the elderly, the sick and young children. Also, after reading, I realized that the freedom of worship was also denied to slaves where they were forcefully converted to Christianity without change of their status as slaves. The slaves were forced to grow crops, and keep chicken for their source of food to prevent dependency on the planters. They were restricted from selling any food and they were denied the right to education. I clearly see that the result of slavery included slave revolt where slaves would try to escape, despite harsh penalties by the planters. As the white planters benefited from free labor and slavery, a culture of racism and ethnic rivalry emerged where the society would undermine the Black and Asian communities. I clearly ascertain that this resulted from social superiority and technological advantage of the white planters over the black slaves (William, 1969). While

The theatre works of Orson Welles Essay Example for Free

The theatre works of Orson Welles Essay George Orson Welles became known as an American actor who is also into radio, motion picture and theatrical producer. He was born Kenosha, Wisconsin on May 6, 1915. He finished his high school in Woodstock, Illinois and began his acting career with the Gate Theatre in Dublin, Ireland, in 1931. Two years later he toured the United States with Katherine Cornell and in 1937 founded the Mercury Theatre, the same year producing actors in modern-dressed version of Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar. Among his other stage production were Christopher Marlowe’s Dr. Faustus (1937) in which he played the title role and Thomas Dekker’s â€Å"The Shoemaker’s Holiday†. Welles made Mercury text recording of Shakespeare’s plays, at the same time producing radio broadcasts. The War of the Worlds, broadcast in 1938, a fictionalized narrative of the invasion of earth by creatures from other planets, is said to have created panic in the New York Metropolitan area because of its realism, although there has been some misgivings recently on the account of write-ups that there was real panic leading people to vacate the area. In 1940, Welles began his motion picture career as producer, writer, director, and actor. His most notable motion picture, which has received current acclaim as the Hollywood’s most important work to have produced, was Welles’s Citizen Kane, released in 1941. Other more prominent works includes The Magnificent Ambersons (1942), Journey into Fear (1942), Macbeth (1947), Moby Dick (1956), and Compulsion (1959). He made a documentary film in Latin America. II. Discussion A. The Issue of Politics on Welles’ Life and Works During the early years of Mercury Wonder Show, Welles took to the task of bringing travelling shows, performing before military troops during the war years. His initial performances were relegated to performing comedy shows and showcasing his abilities for magic tricks. As the broadcasting of this show became regularly heard by troops at camps while being deployed abroad, and as the war dragged on, Welles started to incorporate political issues by using war themes. The show however, had to be dropped because of its unpopularity, failing miserably on public ratings. The New York Post took Welles as one of its writers where he began to take political issues to the fore. He often considered subjects that were bordering on the controversial that had come to illustrate Welles’ works whether it be in print, radio broadcast or films. The chief problem however, for Welles and for those who employ his talent, the focus would end up in politics instead of strictly adhering to the project’s original format. The New York Post work for instance, had wanted to cash in on the saleability of Hollywood gossips to boost sales for its newspaper. The character and presence of Welles was to bring a different flavour to the columns’ set-up. This brought him constantly at odds with producers who would not gamble their financial investments on his works that catered more on his personal political passions that went for most of his lifetime unappreciated by co-workers in Hollywood. He later lost his writing space at the New York Post. Undaunted, Welles continued to take up serious political issues on air through his radio broadcast Commentaries. He would often pick up relevant issues of the time, usually speaking up to question (or ‘attack’) the validity and morality of actions and decisions done by a single individual, company, or political government. Political matters taken up in this program includes: †¢ Bikini Atomic Test – was on his radio program that questioned the validity of the government’s action of test explosions. His opinion was supposed to mirror the fears and anxieties of the public towards its safety for such undertakings. †¢ Affidavit of Isaac Woodward – the case concerning Isaac Woodard was not readily revealed, but Orson Welles made extensive efforts to expose the injustice done against Woodard. His was a case of police brutality and prejudice against blacks. South Carolina’s authorities were indicated to have grossly violated the rights of Woodard, who had been severely beaten by a police officer that left him blind for the rest of his life along with partial amnesia. The plight of this former bemedalled Naval war veteran of the 2nd World War, created a national outrage, owing largely to the works of Welles. (â€Å"1946 Orson Welles Commentaries†) B. Film The films of Orson Welles, finished or unfinished, is gaining considerable attention. This was not so during his time, wherein his unrelenting manner of insisting his way of doing his project alienated him from the major players of the studio by which he worked for, who happen to gain much control of Hollywood’s world (â€Å"Orson Welles†). Welles however, gave Hollywood two major innovative films: †¢ Touch of Evil Welles was keenly involved in upholding other Civil Rights issues. But twelve years after the outcome of Woodard issue, Welles worked on the film ‘Touch of Evil’. Its story was heavily motivated out from the Woodard case. Chiefly because of his active support for the Woodard case, Welles formed and later revealed his unconventional perspective towards the police work in general. Welles recognized the difficulty of a policeman’s predicament in fulfilling his profession. However, he redirected the focus and common view of the public, by saying that the main task of a police officer is to defend the law abiding citizen, and not to be fixated with pursuing criminals. This became the very basis in Welles’ Touch of Evil. †¢ Citizen Kane (1941) Now considered by many new filmmakers with great respect, Citizen Kane both established and destabilized Welles’ reputation. By creating citizen Kane, he also recreated Hollywood’s system of presenting its movies. Whereas, main actors and actresses commonly cause the stir among films projects, Welles was the first to put the director, Welles’ himself, into the limelight. Moreover, he had been given much freedom and control over the making and editing of the film (McAbee, â€Å"Orson Welles: Martyr of the Underground†). The story revolves on solving the meaning of the word â€Å"Rosebud† uttered by a newspaper tycoon, Charles Foster Kane before his death. Kane’s life was initially impassioned with idealism upon his entrance into the publishing business, but gradually waned off and replaced by a lifetime callous pursuit of power. The manner of unfolding the story is done by going backwards, as the reporters tries to solve the mystery of the dying man’s last words. The theme is heavily derived from the life of real newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst, although Welles’ own life is also incorporated in the story. It was widely believed to be intended to deride of Hearst’s ruthless exploitation. Hosting lavish parties in one of his many luxurious homes, Hollywood celebrities were welcomed, for as long as they were said to divulge juicy information that could be printed in his newspaper and help keep boosting sales. This kind of abuse of power and influence was the sorts of thing that an Orson Welles would not let pass, unscathed. Known for condemning any forms of oppression or unfairness, Citizen Kane was Welles’ medium to hit upon a ruthless system of greed that has eaten up the idealistic spirit of Americans in general. The movie expectedly earned the ire of Hearst, who used his every clout to bring Welles down, and could partially be held responsible for Welles downfall. The release of Citizen Kane made Welles’ a sensation in ‘moviedom’, but Welles’ unstable directorial career was no match for a man of status such as Hearst’s whose influence and wealth blocked every progress of Welles in the field of filmmaking (Epstein Lennon, 1997). III. Conclusion Some strongly believed, along with Welles himself, of him being of outstanding ability. But there are those who debate upon the validity of Welles’ genius. Although he became well-known, his career and works were far from being fulfilling. In truth, he failed to see his efforts of being truly appreciated. While it is common and vogue to see today’s celebrities standing up for political, social or environmental cause, Welles was already way ahead of his time fighting mainly for civil rights for most of his adult life. He recognized the power wielded by the media and used it to advance the issues which he sought to find justice. He did succeed in getting public attention. Some of those attentions though, were naturally hostile to his cause mainly because they were the object of his complaints. He was not also lacking of people within his own field of work, wherein he had a run-in which had dearly hurt his career. The many works which he left unfinished were alleged to be indications of having a lack of focus towards his career or worse, of being undisciplined. But one cannot say that Orson Welles lacked a focus in his life, for he was truly zealous about going against any forms of oppression. Whether it is social injustice towards women, racial prejudice against men of colour, or expression of personal faith, Welles was sure to take it up personally, not even minding if it would cost him financially. It is within in this context in which sets him apart. The number of projects which he left unfinished may have earned him ill-refute and tainted his brilliance. But many geniuses were left un-applauded by their generation. Besides the social and political relevance of his objections, Welles talent for his craft could not be forever hidden in the vaults of movie history. His major works, Citizen Kane is now being hailed as besting all other works of all time (â€Å"Critics’ Top Ten Poll†). Another work, Touch of Evil, is not far from the number one list. There may had been some considerable projects that he failed to deliver, a sorry state to have missed what could have been another significant contribution to the field of filmmaking. But a more sorry state is the public’s failing miserably to deliver during Welles’ time, the recognition and applause that was due him. Man, has sorely lost another opportunity to give a reward on time for one of its own geniuses. References: â€Å"Orson Welles†. Reel Classics. 2008. December 21, 2008, p. 1 http://www. reelclassics. com/Actors/Welles/welles. htm â€Å"1946 Orson Welles Commentaries†. Internet Archive. 2001. December 21, 2008 http://www. archive. org/details/1946OrsonWellesCommentaries McAbee, Sam. â€Å"Orson Welles: Martyr of the Underground†. December 21, 2008 http://5mtl. com/ft/orson%20welles2. htm Epstein, Michael and Thomas Lennon. â€Å"The Battle Over Citizen Kane†. The American Experience. 1997. December 21, 2008 http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/amex/kane2/kane2ts. html â€Å"Director’s Top Ten Poll†. British Film Institute. 2007. December 21, 2008 http://www. bfi. org. uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/critics. html

Do attitudes predict behaviour

Do attitudes predict behaviour Do attitudes predict behaviour? The relationship between attitudes and behaviour is one of the most controversial topics in social psychology. Though the definition of attitudes can not be confirmed yet, this essay uses the description in Hoggs and Vaughans book (1995) that attitudes are â€Å"a general feeling or evaluation about persons, object or issue as well as a relatively enduring organization of beliefs, feelings and behavioural tendencies towards socially significant objects, groups, evens or symbols†. This definition indicates that there is a close relationship between attitudes and behaviour. While some critical evidences arose to show that attitudes have little predictive power on behaviour after the LaPieres experiment (1934), the relationship between attitudes and behaviour is still being researched as one of the main topic in the social psychology during recent years. This essay will analyse the link between the attitudes and behaviour. This essay begins by looking at the attitude-behaviour in consistency and then will go on to focus on the theory of planned behaviour which may be regarded as the key theory to deal with the attitude-behaviour relationship. It is so naive as to think a persons attitudes and behaviour are linked directly and consistently. It can be seen all the time that people say they want to keep fit but they never do excises, people are worried about global warming while they are driving high exhaust cars and using air-conditions. The discovery of the attitude-behaviour inconsistency goes back to 1930s America depending on the work of the Stanford sociologist Richard LaPiere. At that time, the people in the US had a strong prejudice on Asian. After LaPiere and his two Chinese friends traveled through the US, they were pleasantly surprised to find that out of the 250 hotels and restaurants they visited, all but one served them courteously. Six months later, LaPiere sent a questionnaire to all the hotels and restaurants they visited, asking â€Å"will you accept members of the Chinese race as guests in your establishment?† Incredibly 90% of participants answered no, they would not accept Chinese race into their establishment. This experiment do shows the inconsistency of attitudes and behaviour. After this research, Wicker (1969) found that the average correlation between attitudes and behaviour was only 0.15, which indicated the weak link between attitudes and behaviour. Though LaPieres experiment caused critics to the attitude-behaviour consistency, it did not deny the link between attitudes and behaviour. LaPieres experiment was not designed for attitudes research and there were some problems lay in the questionnaire that may lead some mistakes in this study: the people who answered the questionnaires might not be the person who severed the Chinese couple; the responders did not be told that the Chinese couple was polite, educated and well-dressed; attitudes may have changed during the six months. One of the influence factors in LaPieres experiment is the measurement method of attitudes. It is not easy to measure attitudes and researchers rely heavily on asking people and using questionnaires which are all self-described methods. States by Fiske (2004), self-report measurement is more easily to gain the explicit attitudes than the implicit attitudes. When the conflict between explicit and implicit attitudes happened, behaviour is always coursed by implicit attitude. As implicit attitudes always gained from indirect and complex methods, self-described method can hardly indicates it. The research done by Sherman, Rose and Koch, et al (2003) on implicit and explicit attitudes toward cigarette smoking shows that implicit attitudes can predict behaviour more stably and accurately. Implicit attitudes are seldom influenced by other factors which can disrupt the correspondence between attitudes and behaviour. In the other words, the using of self-described questionnaires for measuring the attitudes may become a cause of inaccuracy in the prediction of the behaviour. Another important factor influenced LaPieres study is the six months. Though attitude is a stable and enduring evaluation, it may change as the time went by. So as the questionnaires were done after six months, the participants attitudes may have changed during the six month which may lead to the illusion that attitudes do not predict behaviour. As to the other studies on the link between attitudes and behaviour, time interval always exists between the measurement of attitude and behaviour. Some times it would last a long time, six months, a month; or some times just a week. But no matter how long it was, attitude may probably have changed during this period. This will influence the consistency between attitude and behaviour as well. When attitudes are used to predict behaviour, it would be influenced by many different variables, such as the methods of attitudes measurement as mentioned above, the attitude strength, social norm, past experience and habits, etc. So the relationship between attitudes and behaviour is not related in a one-to-one fashion (Hogg and Vaughan, 1995). The general models dealing with link between attitudes and behaviour are the reasoned action theory (TRA) and the planned behaviour theory (TPB). These two theories are not in conflict, TPB is an improvement of the first theory. The reasoned action theory was first put forward by Ajzen and Fishbein in 1974 which believed that behavioural intention is the result of the combination of subjective norm and attitude towards the behaviour and the behavioural intention leads to the behaviour. That is people will behaviour after evaluated by the attitude towards the behaviour and judge the propriety by the subjective norm. It emphasises that people can control the behaviour consciously, for example, â€Å"I can do exercises regularly if I really want to keep fit†. However, as it mentioned above, there are few people do exercise though they want to keep fit. Further more some kinds of behaviour are less under peoples conscious control. For example, people will behave under the automatically activated attitudes without thinking rationally to choose the best reason for action. The repeated behaviour such as smoking as a habit may become divorced from attitude. This kind of automatically activated attitude like habits occurs frequently in daily. So people may only think rationally when they faced new or difficult situations. In addition, a behaviour that performed successfully not only depends on the behavioural intention, but also some other variables, such as opportunities and technologiesï ¼Ë†Peach, . Jimmieson and White, 2005ï ¼â€° In order to describe the link between attitudes and behaviour more accurately, the planned behaviour theory (TPB) was carried out by Ajzen at 1989 as the extension of the original theory. Perceived behavioural control is the improvement in the TPB which means the persons belief about how easy or difficult to perform an act. To make such a decision, people need to combine the past experience with the present obstacles. The accuracy of the prediction of behaviour was improved in the study that Beck and Ajzen (1991) have done about the students dishonest behaviour since the perceived behavioural control has been measured (Hogg and Vaughan, 1995). So in the TRA and TPB, both the external variables such as opportunities, resources and the peoples internal variables such as normative beliefs and abilities are taken into consideration. This combination of external and internal makes TPB becomes the key theory dealing with the relationship between attitudes and behaviour. In these two theori es, the action could be predicted if the persons attitude and social norm are favorable, as well as the level of perceived behavioural control is high. In this essay, the relationship between attitudes and behaviour has been analysed. The inconsistency between attitudes and behaviour was described followed by the reasons why this could happen in the LaPieres experiment. The self-report measurement which is widely used to measure attitudes has been evaluated as it would cause some inaccuracy in the prediction of future actions. The reasoned action theory (TRA) and planned behaviour theory (TPB) have been introduced in details as the main theories dealing with the link between attitudes and behaviour. To conclude, attitudes do predict behaviour once the variables in the measurement and the TPB are well-controlled. The scope of this paper was limited by the lack of introducing other variables influence the correspondence between attitudes and behaviour. However the first step is to realizse that attitude can predict behaviour no matter storge or weak. Reference Fiske S T. Social Being: a Core Motive Approach to Social psychology. John Wiley Sons, Int, 2004. 244~249 Hogg, Michael A. and Vaughan, Graham M. (2005). Social Psychology. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. 150~171 Peach M, Jimmieson N L, And White K M. Beliefs underlying employee readiness to support a building relocation: a theory of planned behavior perspective. Organization Development Journal, 2005, 23(3), 9~23 Sherman S J, Rose J S and Koch K, et al. Implicit and explicit attitudes toward cigarette smoking: The effects of context and motivation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 2003, 22(1), 13~40

Challenges in the Hospitality Industry

Challenges in the Hospitality Industry The Hospitality Industry faces three major but interconnected challenges, namely globalisation, the growing importance of knowledge as the engine of economic development and national prosperity, and the impacts of the information and communication revolution, all of which have striking implications for education institutions and economies. Polytechnic West has risen to undertake the above challenges with the introduction of the Associate Degree of Hospitality Management. The course aims to combine current industry practices, combined with a rigorous vocational and academic course curriculum required of managers to face these challenges. The course curriculum focus on hospitality operational skills, management best practice, and the skills needed for continued learning in an ever changing environment. In The Associate Degree of Hospitality Management the assessments are mainly by examinations, presentations and tutorials. The questions are developed with the goal of assessing not only the students awareness of current theory and practice, but to evaluate the degree of reflection and analysis that may contribute to its operational application. The learning environment for the Associate Degree Hospitality Management is conducted in small classes and highly qualified lecturers with relevant industry experiences. The qualifications offered by Polytechnic West is a two year Associate Degree Hospitality Management program which has a direct pathway to the final year in the Bachelor of Commerce majoring in Hospitality and Tourism at Murdoch University. Alternatively the Associate Degree in Hospitality Management is a recognised management qualification which prepares graduates for rapid career advancement within the Hospitality Industry given sufficient experience. The tourism and hospitality industry is a sphere in which attainment of supervisory and management positions can occur at a young age with relevant experience and qualifications. As an Associate Degree graduate, there can be multiple career opportunities and directions which include supervisory and management roles in food and beverage, event management, accommodations, marketing and Human resources in the hospitality sector. Learning Resource Centre Bentley Campus Telephone: 9267 7240 http://library.polytechnic.wa.edu.au Opening Hours Monday Thursday 8:00 am 5:45 pm Friday 8:00 am 4:15 pm Off Peak Periods 8:00 am 4:00 pm CLOSED Saturday Sunday and Public Holidays Resources Each course has a Unit Information Outline booklet which lists the resources required for the unit. These can be obtained from the Course Co-ordinator. Referencing Chicago referencing, based on Chicago Manual of Style (2003) will apply to all assignments. This manual constitutes the authoritative international guide to publication standards and style. At Polytechnic West we respect the ideas of others by acknowledging them with proper referencing. This includes using the work of other students with, or without, their permission. Students must abide by all assessment rules set by lecturers. Any student found cheating in any way will face disciplinary action. Assignments and other forms of assessment must be your own original work. Copying directly from your research sources or another students work, without acknowledgement is plagiarism. Plagiarised work will not be accepted and will result in disciplinary action. Turnitin software is available for students to check their work and will be utilised by lecturers to check for plagiarism. Assessment To be awarded this qualification you must pass all the course units. Assessment criteria are provided for each unit in the relevant Unit Information Outline. All assignments will be returned with feedback on the students performance and the criteria against which the final mark was determined. Submission dates will not be altered unless lecturer consent has been obtained. Results Students are entitled to see their results in all assessment components of their unit, including raw marks for components and for the unit overall. Students may inspect their marked examination scripts and discuss the marking with the lecturer, or nominee, within fourteen days of the posting of results. Lecturers may require reasonable notice or set aside specified times for this. Where a lecturer is away from campus in the two weeks following the posting of results, another member of academic staff must be designated to handle inquiries and be provided with detailed assessment information to facilitate this. Lecturers must retain examination scripts until the end of the following semester. Submission and Receipt of Assignments: submit a cover sheet with all written work for continuous assessment which includes a signed declaration of authenticity; ensure delivery of the assessment work to the secure location provided; and maintain a copy of all submitted work until at least the expiration of the appeal period. Penalties may also apply when an extension is granted; refer to the Course Co-ordinator for details. Grading System Final results in all units shall be reported according to the following system of letter grades: Final Grades Letter Grade Interpretation Application Academic transcripts will include both the grade and final mark for all students. HD High Distinction Exceptional performance indicating complete and comprehensive understanding of the subject matter; genuine mastery of relevant skills; demonstration of an extremely high level of interpretative and analytical ability and intellectual initiative; and achievement of all major and minor objectives of the unit. 80 100% D Distinction Excellent performance indicating a very high level of understanding of the subject matter; development of relevant skills to a very high level; demonstration of a very high level of interpretive and analytical ability and intellectual initiative; and achievement of all major and minor objectives of the unit. 70 79% C Credit Good performance indicating a high level of understanding of subject matter; development of relevant skills to a high level; demonstration of a high level of interpretive and analytical ability and achievement of all major objectives of the unit; some minor objectives may not be fully achieved. 60 69% P Pass Satisfactory performance indicating an adequate understanding of most of the basic subject matter; partial development of relevant skills; adequate interpretive and analytical ability and achievement of all major objectives of the unit; some minor objectives may not be achieved. 50 59% UP Ungraded Pass Successful completion of a unit assessed on a pass/fail basis, indicating satisfactory understanding of subject matter; satisfactory development of relevant skills; satisfactory interpretive and analytical ability and achievement in all major objectives of the unit. 50% or above N Fail Unsatisfactory performance indicating an inadequate understanding of the basic subject matter; failure to develop relevant skills; insufficient evidence of interpretive and analytical ability; and failure to achieve major and minor objectives of the unit. Below 50% DNS Fail Failure to submit any assessed work after the withdrawal date and failure to withdraw prior to the withdrawal date. Did not participate in any assessments S Supplementary The award of the grade S shall be at the discretion of the Higher Education Board of Examiners. 45 49% Interim Grades Letter Grade Interpretation G Good Standing A result of good standing (G) must be reported only at the end of the academic year where all results in that enrolment option are not due to be completed until the end of the first or second semester of the following year. NA Not Available A result of not available (NA) must be reported only where: a delay is caused by the unavoidable absence of the Higher Education Course Coordinator; where an examination script has yet to be received by the College; where the final grade is under consideration due to disciplinary action or administrative encumbrance; where the Higher Education Board of Examiners has approved assessment in that unit taking place after the assessment period for that semester, including where the repeat of a component (e.g. involving practical work or a placement) cannot reasonably be arranged within the semester period. The Higher Education Board of Examiners has the sole discretion in determining whether a supplementary assessment is to be allocated; it is not an automatic right of the student. However, the supplementary assessment discretion will be applied to all students in an equitable manner. The nature of any supplementary assessment will be at the discretion of the Higher Education Board of Examiners. The only grades available after supplementary assessment are a P or N. An ungraded pass is not available. S Supplementary A result of supplementary assessment (S) may be reported where the student has a borderline fail grade (45-49%) for the unit. The timing of any supplementary assessment will be at the discretion of the relevant Higher Education Course Co-ordinator. Q A result of deferred assessment (Q) shall be reported only where deferred assessment has been approved by the Higher Education Course Coordinator. Initial unit assessment advice shall indicate whether or not moderation may be applied to the unit assessment. Final grades will be rounded (0.5 and above up, 0.49 and below down). Individual assessment components must not be rounded and only be submitted as whole percentages. Final numerical marks are to be presented as a whole number. Student Rights and Responsibilities It is the responsibility of every student to be aware of the policies and procedures that relate to their rights and responsibilities as a student. These can be found in the student handbook and on the Polytechnic West website. www.polytechnic.wa.edu.au Client Services Client Services staff can help you make your further education applications more competitive and can assist with decisions about your course/career choice. Client Services staff can also offer advice and support. If they cannot directly assist, suggestions can be made about referral to other staff or appropriate agencies which may be able to help if you are experiencing personal problems or difficulties with your study. Appointments with Client Services staff may be arranged at a Customer Service Centre or by phoning 9267 7500. Unit Fees The tuition fee for international students is: $1 525 per unit The tuition fee for domestic students is: $1 200 per unit These fees are valid for Semester 1 and Semester 2, 2011 Fees are reviewed on an annual basis Current fees and charges schedule is available on the Polytechnic West website. UNIT SYNOPSES INTRODUCTORY STUDIES IN HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM (64371) This unit examines todays travel and tourism industry from a global perspective, with specific insights into the economic, political and social forces that drive and shape it. It also looks at the tourism product and its markets. The unit also focuses on the economic impact, socio-cultural, environmental impacts of tourism and the development of sustainable tourism. The unit takes a systematic approach to the study of tourism and its links to the hospitality industry. It covers tourist types and behaviour, the role of places in tourists itineraries and their experience, environmental impacts, sustainability and eco-tourism, cultural impacts and authenticity, the impacts of events, and the structure of tourism industries. HUMAN BEHAVIOUR IN THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY (64732) This unit looks at analyzing the behavior of people at work in the Hospitality Industry. It will recognise the importance of effective management of people in the work situation, and evaluate personnel policies and procedures related to the hospitality industry. The unit will also identify the nature of the hospitality industry, staffing characteristics, interrelationships and behaviors of people. ROOMS DIVISION MANAGEMENT (64388) This unit is designed to familiarize students with management of the accommodation sector of the hospitality industry. The principles and procedures in the provision of quality tourist accommodation are studied with emphasis on front office, housekeeping, concierge and security safety. The unit has a managerial focus, and will look at how to manage properties efficiently, effectively and profitably. The unit will also provide an overview of the legal responsibilities of managers and the impact of new technologies on the industry. Students will be introduced to Fidelio, a current Front Office computerized property management system (PMS), in a practical environment, to enhance their understanding of the course concepts. LEGAL ENVIRONMENT (64374) This unit looks at the legal system in terms of civil liability, contract law and workplace environmental law. It provides the skills and knowledge to manage employment law and industrial relations, health, safety and security issues within a tourism or hospitality context. The aim of most legal systems is to provide a means of resolving conflicts in a fair and harmonious way. All legal systems are strongly influenced by the major forces that shape the society in which they operate. HOTEL AND RESTAURANT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (64375) This unit is designed to familiarize students with systems which are used in the hotel and restaurant industry. Information systems and the increasing application of technology to the hotel and restaurant industries will be analyzed from a conceptual and theoretical perspective. The unit has a managerial focus, and will look at the human issues of using information systems in the hospitality industry. In particular, the unit will provide an overview of the impacts of technology on the managers, workforce and customers of the industry. Students will encounter a range of theoretical and practical applications of information technology, which are unique to these industries including reservations systems, guest history systems, electronic point of sale systems, and guest driven applications such as automatic check-in and automatic checkout INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT (64376) This unit looks at the rapid and unpredictable change characteristics todays work and social environments. What might have worked yesterday is unlikely to work in todays vastly different environment. We can no longer structure organizations and mange people as we did yesterday. Todays managers must have broad management skills and styles, which they will continually adapt and develop. Pressure is on the manager to increase productivity and lead in a more participative, consultative way. Technological advances will proceed in leaps and bounds. Work patterns will continue to change dramatically. Our economy will be volatile until it adjusts and gives way to a global economy. INTRODUCTION TO ACCOUNTING (64377) This is an introductory unit and the focus is on the definitions, concepts, principles and theories necessary to develop a clear understanding of accounting statements, their uses and their limitations. The unit concentrates on the needs of users of financial statements; and includes parties external to the organisation (for example, investors, employees, government, shareholders and the general public) and internal users (for example, management). FOOD AND BEVERAGE MANAGEMENT (64378) This unit is designed to familiarize students with management of the food and beverage sector of the hospitality industry.This unit will provide the students with knowledge of functions and responsibilities of a food and beverage manager and activities of the all food and beverage outlets. The unit also looks at how to manage the food and beverage department efficiently, effectively and profitably. PRINCIPLES OF COMMERCIAL LAW (H2045) This unit introduces students to the Australian legal system, its operation and development, and to the principles of law applicable to core areas of business, such as contract law, tort law and agency law. CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR AND SERVICES MARKETING (64380) This unit deals with the skills and knowledge required by marketers to understand consumer behavior and then use the information in demonstrating effective services marketing. Factors that have contributed to the development of consumer behavior and services marketing include the fast pace of new product introduction, shorter product cycles, the high rate of new product failures and the increased interest in consumer protection by private groups and public decision makers and concern over the environment. Consumer behavior and services marketing have become an integral part of strategic market planning. This unit also aims to provide an understanding of the theory and practices in the development and execution of service marketing strategies (both consumer and business-to-business services). MANAGING PHYSICAL ASSETS (64381) The unit highlights the fact that facilities play a major role in the hospitality industry and guest satisfaction. They can provide an appealing visual environment that contributes to the overall ambiance, experience and comfort of the guest. The unit also serves to provide the awareness and knowledge to make appropriate decisions in managing the maintenance in a hospitality building. Properly managed systems from design to operations can result in considerable long-term savings or on the contrary, the failure to manage such systems can result in significant long term costs. ORGANISATIONAL THEORY AND BEHAVIOUR (H2044) This unit provides a basic understanding of individual and group behaviour in organisations, as well as exploring some organisational theories and management processes. Topics include: individual dimensions of behaviour personality, perception and learning, communication and motivation; groups and interpersonal influence structure, values, interaction and leadership; and organisational issues such as structure, processes, design, decision making; organisational change and development. Globalisation and sustainability are embedded into this unit as recurring themes. HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT (64383) This unit examines todays hospitality and tourism industry with specific insights into the economic, political and social forces that drive and shape it. The scope of the hospitality industry comprise of businesses that provide services and facilities such as accommodation, food, beverages, entertainment, gaming and related products. The hospitality industry is a sector of the broader tourism industry. Tourism is an essential ingredient to the economic well-being of many regions in Australia. Demand for product and services have become increasingly price sensitive and environmentally friendly. As such, this unit deals with the skills and knowledge required to develop and monitor a business plan. EVENTS MANAGEMENT (64384) This unit looks at the responsibility of better defining event objectives, site selection, developing timelines, budgets, and all logistical details. These details include but are not limited to registration and hospitality, food beverage, meetings and keynote speakers, ground transportation, activities, VIPs, accommodation and billing. PRINCIPLES OF FINANCE AND BANKING (H2043) This unit exposes students to the application of financial mathematics to various personal financial decisions including valuing debt, equity, and hybrid securities. In the process, characteristics of these securities are detailed and valuation incorporating the respective securitys cash flows, time value of money and the associated risk are presented. The unit also addresses the principles of maximising shareholder wealth and firm value. The interplay between these principles is examined by consideration of information asymmetry between the different stakeholders HUMAN RESOURCE AND ORGANISATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (H2046) This unit aims to explore the choices organisations have for assisting employees to work effectively and adapt to change. The unit introduces the role of human resource management (HRM) to organisation development. Individual, team, HRM and strategic concepts are linked to the strategies and processes organisations and individuals use to proactively promote organisational citizenship throughout change.

Exploring The Jungle: The True Impact of a Literary Masterpiece Essay

Literature is a powerful and persuasive tool. History holds the proof that a well-written novel, even a work of fiction, has the power to profoundly impact society. One such novel is Upton Sinclair’s 1906 expose of the American immigrant, infamously titled The Jungle. The story is of the trials and tribulations of a Lithuanian family struggling to earn a living in the slaughterhouses of Chicago. The issues faced by this family are some of the most disturbing fictional depictions of the lower class, and some of the most well-read in the past century. The Jungle, now hailed as a literary masterpiece, is credited with being the reason for the Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act of the early 1900’s (Ewers). Though Sinclair’s story is revered for supposedly helping to reform a corrupt industry, research of both the current day meat packing industry and life of the twenty-first century immigrant proves that the story actually had very little consequence. In addition, research about Sinclair himself raises a number of questions about his motives and credibility. Although Sinclair’s novel was well received and thought to have made a major impact on society, it actually had very little effect on anything but the American psyche. To further understand what has not changed because of The Jungle, it is first important to understand what the initial impact of the story was, and how it is perceived today. The very famous words of Upton Sinclair explain the forceful impact of his story perfectly, â€Å"I aimed at the public’s heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach (Cohen).† When The Jungle was first published in 1906, it was a series of short stories describing the plight of the main character, Jurgis, and his poverty-stricken f... ...Regulation.† Issues and Controversies on File. Facts on File News Services, 19 Dec. 2008. Web. 2 Mar 2011. Hinderliter, Justine. â€Å"From Farm to Table: â€Å"How This Little Piggy was Dragged Through the Market.†University of San Fransisco Law Review. Vol. 40 Is. 3. P. 739-76, 2006. Klein, Julia M. â€Å"Sinclair Redux.† Columbia Journalism Review 45 no 2, 58-60. Aug 2006. Web. 2 March 2011. Preston, Julia. â€Å"After Iowa Raid, Immigrants Fuel Labor Inquiries.† New York Times, July 27, 2008. Web. 2 March 2011. Reed, Lawrence W. â€Å"How a food safety myth became a legend.† Consumer’s Research Magazine. Vol. 78, Is. 2, p. 23-24. Feb 1995. Web. 2 March 2011. â€Å"The Jungle.† New Republic, Vol. 236, Is. 1-3, p.7. 1 Jan, 2007. Web. 2 March 2011. Wenzel 8 Walsh, Bryan. â€Å"America’s Food Crisis and How to Fix It.† Time, Vol. 174, Is. 8, p. 30-37. 31 Aug, 2009. Web. 2 March 2011.

Susan B. Anthony Essay -- Biography

Susan B. Anthony Susan Brownell Anthony was a magnificent women who devoted most of her life to gain the right for women to vote. She traveled the United States by stage coach, wagon, and train giving many speeches, up to 75 to 100 a year, for 45 years. She went as far as writing a newspaper, the Revolution, and casting a ballot, despite it being illegal. Susan B. Anthony was born on February 15, 1820, in Adams, Massachusetts. She was the second of eight children in her family. In the early 1800's girls were not allowed an education. Susan's father, Daniel, believed in equal treatment for boys and girls and allowed her to receive her education from a private boarding school in Philadelphia. At the age of seven her family moved to Batterville, New York. Later, in 1845 her family made their final move to Rochester, New York. At the early age of fifteen, Susan started her teaching career, thanks to her father's encouragement. She continued to teach until she was thirty. Opposing the use of liquor and wanting an immediate end of slavery, Susan displayed he...

Essay --

Technology is becoming an increasingly bigger part of each of our lives. Everything seems to involve some form of technology whether it is a clock, a phone or a car. However, the specific area of technology I am going to be focusing on for my Individual Research is Digital Technology. I have chosen this question because technology plays a big part of my life; I utilize it everyday, whether it is for school, entertainment or current events. However, the more and more I use my computer the more I wonder do the benefits of technology outweigh the disadvantages. Thus, from this query it stemmed into the question for my individual research Do the benefits of Digital Technology Outweigh the Disadvantages? And, through my research, I will be able to gain knowledge on how technology is useful Globally, Nationally and personally, and how it could be more helpful than not. Throughout my individual research the main topic I will cover will be Technology and Economic Divide. However, more specif ically I could also focus on Social Networking, Robotics, and Communication and transportation. If the world were to continuing advancing in terms of technology at the rate that it was today, we could possibly see a major expansion of Robots in our culture. Robots could potentially free us from continuing to do repetitive and tedious jobs. Although it may be true that we require the â€Å"training† from those types of jobs, the discipline and patience. Yet, history has proven that most of these tedious jobs have been allocated to the lower and middle classes and compensation for those jobs is rarely consistent to the desirability of work. With our current advancements in technology continuing to the not-too-distant future, robots will soon be able to take... ...that if governments around the world continue to set up campaigns like â€Å"Be Net-wise† it could reduce the potential chance of abuse online and make people around the world more confident to browse the web without fear from abuse and use it for the greater good in finding information. And also if the rest of the world follows the EU’s example of investing in technology to increase innovation and development, the economies of the world will all benefit through the competition of businesses and will most likely experience an increase in economic growth. Finally, I truly believe that if the world continues on this path, I believe that through the development of technology we could ultimately make my scenario a very real possibility, and we could reduce the gaps between the social classes, and could ultimately benefit in the future through having more freedom and choice.

Marketing and B2b Internet Car

Motrada Handels GmbH, an internet/software service company in Austria, generally provides business-to-business remarketing car trading service with an online application. The company is founded by Guillaume Hebrard- a professional sales person in car sales. While working in the automobile industry, Guillaume realized the inefficiency and difficulty in second-hand car trading industry, he came up with the idea of establishing an online trading platform. The idea was taken into action in 2002 and the company was finally founded in Vienna/Austria by G Hebrard and a financial partner in 2005. Case Analysis I.Opportunities for Motrada Ltd. The Motrada platform, as a first B2B internet car transaction marketplace, is completely a new idea to the electronic commerce market. As the founder of Motrada, Guillaume thought of the opportunity of cars transactions online, he defined this type of business as a gap in the market, which meant he would be the first to own the most chances. Prospects o f B2B There are many reasons for Guillaume to choose B2B rather than B2C as the only method for Motrada platform. The B2B e-commerce environment is much more promising Tthan B2C. First, the B2B mode is more professional than B2C.Being registered by professional business sellers and buyers, this type of platform is easier to manage. Most of registered customers have been working in the industry for years, so know the general situation about the industry. The website for B2B car trading can not only looks more professional but also more targeted. Secondly, by purchasing in large quantities and shortening the production cycle, the business can earn much more profits based on expenses minimization. Third, B2B mode occupies the absolute advantage and more market shares than other modes in e-commerce. B2B must be the main force in future e-commerce marketpla

Pro Capital Punishment Essay

According to my research there are some people who believe the death penalty is right just because it is safer to end one condemned life than to risk the lives of other innocent people. The death penalty is most commonly legal only for the most extreme cases, such as premeditated murder. Even in the event of murder, out of the 15,000 committed each year, we are only now reaching the 1,000 execution mark after thirty years! This plainly shows that those who may be pro capital punishment still use it sparingly. Also backing up the belief for using capital punishment are numerous stories of murderers who, after being released from prison, simply killed again. One such account reads, â€Å"In 1985, 13-year-old Karen Patterson was shot to death in her bed in North Charleston, S.C. Her killer was a neighbor who had already served 10 years of a life sentence for murdering his half-brother Charles in 1970. The murderer, Joe Atkins, cut the Pattersons’ phone lines, then entered bearin g a machete, a sawed-off shotgun, and a pistol. Karen’s parents were chased out of their home by Atkins. Karen’s mom ran to the Atkins home nearby, where Joe then murdered his adopted father, Benjamin Atkins, 75, who had worked to persuade parole authorities to release Joe from the life sentence.† Other accounts show that a life sentence simply is not always enough to stop a person from repeating their crimes. â€Å"In 1965, Robert Massie murdered mother of two Mildred Weiss in San Gabriel, Calif., during a follow-home robbery. Hours before execution, a stay was issued so Massie could testify against his accomplice. Massie’s sentence was commuted to life when the Supreme Court halted executions in 1972. Receiving an undeserved second chance, Massie was paroled, but eight months later robbed and murdered businessman Boris Naumoff in San Francisco.† From a religious standpoint a religion that does endorse capital punishment under certain circumstances is Islam. According to the Qu’ran in Al’ Ma’idah 5:33 â€Å"The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His messenger and strive to make corruption (Fasad) in the land is only this, that they should be murdered or crucified or their hands and their feet should be cut off on opposite sides or they should be banished from the land; this shall be as a disgrace for them in this world, and in the hereafter they shall have a grievous chastisement† This shows that they believe in the death penalty for those who simply cause corruption or bring disgrace upon Islam, especially if the perpetrator is a former Muslim. The other justification for the death penalty, according to Islam, is murder. â€Å"†¦If anyone kills a person – unless it be for murder or for spreading mischief in the land – it would be as if he killed all people. And if anyone saves a life, it would be as if he saved the life of all people† (Qur’an 5:32). This obviou sly states that murderers should undergo the same penalty as the crime they commited. My personal beliefs about capital punishment are fairly in the middle of the road. On the one hand I do not believe it is sinful for criminals to be put to death, as the Bible clearly endorsed the idea in the Old Testament In Genesis 9:6 it says â€Å" Whoso sheddeth man’s blood, by man shall his blood be shed: for in the image of God made he man.† The New Testament of course contains more of the â€Å"grace† approach and therefore I tend to lean more that way. Although even in the New Testament the Bible states in Romans 13: 4 â€Å" For he ( the police, judges, etc.) is the minister of God to thee for good. But if thou do that which is evil, be afraid; for he beareth not the sword in vain, a revenger to execute wrath upon him that doeth evil.† Clearly this endorses capital punishment for evildoers. On the other hand, people in America are judged as guilty by a group of people who do their best but can hardly be 100% sure on their verdict. Human error may cause and no doubt has caused some innocent people to be condemned to death while some of the guilty roam free among us. That makes me uneasy, and is very disturbing. But is that a legitimate reason to do away with the death penalty? That is a hard question to answer, but I believe the answer is no. I believe there are certain cases where capital punishment is absolutely necessary, but I have to say that I would not want to be the one who makes that decision. How do you judge which life is more valuable than another? The other question has to do with whether or not capital punishment is truly a deterrent to others from committing crimes. There are strong arguments on both sides of that question but it is hard to judge when because of the appeals process and other delays and red tape, only a small percentage of those sentenced ever get put to death. I refer back to the fact that only about 1000 people have been executed during the last 30 years when there have been nearly half a million murders in America! So the argument that capital punishment is not a deterrent to crime carries no weight to me. Therefore, it is still my personal belief that capital punishment should be used, with discretion, after a fair trial, and in certain cases, but I also believe that once the decision has been made, it should be executed with much greater speed. Death row shouldn’t be a mile long. I believe that once the judge has given the sentence, there should be a much faster process to the day of execution. I hate the thought of an innocent person being executed, but even worse are the hundreds of thousands of victims who are left without feeling that justice was done for their loved ones and the millions who are at risk because of the leniency of our justice system. My partner and I got along quite well. We had an easy time discussing our material and he was not difficult to deal with. He spent the time given researching, and kept in touch with me to review our presentations. When we met the next day, he was there at the time agreed upon and +wasn’t full of complaints, which I appr eciate. Brandon is a good partner and I would work with him again.

Communication Monographs Essay

Hospice Employees are the employees providing care to those for the sick and terminally ill; they are staffed by physicians, nurses home health aides, social workers, counselors, clergy, and community volunteers. Hospices are a specially trained team that develops a care okay to trail patients’ needs for pain. This study explores the communication of compassion at work, and extends past research on compassion, highlighting its complete nature and a model that presents its communication action. The study was done to bring attention to the discrete details of each patient’s situation is fundamental to the communicative compassion sub process of recognizing. The method of analysis were relied upon a two-level iterative analysis, alternately using etic-level categories bas on existing research and theory and emic level categories that emerged from the data and participant’s voices (Miles & Huberman, 1994). Open coding was engaged then identifying relationships and second-level analytic themes in the codes was processed. The open codes were classified into groups, analytic memos explored the categories, and data was recorded then used theoretically. Interviews with 29 nurses were completed, and the hypothesis stated was ‘Conceptualization not only captures the sub process of compassion, but also highlights the integral role of communication’. Compassion is accomplished through communication behaviors and attending verbal social support, in order to influence organizational performance and work outcomes. Many researchers show that people prefer to die at home, surrounded by their loved ones, and free of pain. But hospice advocates less obtrusive end-of-life techniques, trying to keep the dying free from pain, which is referred to as ‘death with dignity’. Hospice supports physical and psychosocial needs, nursing dying patients and their families. Compassion fatigue is a form of traumatic stress, resulting from extra care, as it is told to be the ‘cost of caring’. The concept evolved from the study of employers who witness suffering (example; nurses) (Abendroth & Flannery, 2006). All employee is inauthentic or organizationally mandated, employees feel ‘put on’ sometimes, the work becomes emotional and they feel that they are authentically expressing warranted emotion. Healthcare provides new jobs and opportunities to workers; hospice workers often enter such jobs with the idea of ‘helping others’, or ‘making a difference’ to this world. However, research shows employees who work in such personal social service cares, experience the highest rates of depression in the US (NSDUH report, 2007). Burnout; conceptualized as a consequence of caregiving stressors is characterized by; emotional exhaustion, depersonalization or a negative shift in responses to others, mainly clients, and a decreased sense of personal accomplishments (Debbie, 2008). Sociologist Clark (1997) insisted on understanding the social and cultural phenomenon of sympathy, and engaged in a collection of analysis. Clark’s study was developed by Kanov et al. (2004); identifying three interrelated processes: noticing another’s emotional state, feeling the other’s pain (through empathic concern), and responding by working to alleviate another’s suffering. Volunteer activities included direct patient care, such as feeding, grooming, changing beds, and providing both the patient and the patients family care. Recognizing is necessary is holistic nature of hospice care, as it implies we understand the value in others’ communicative cues, timing, and context, as well as the cracks between messages. Relating also took several forms of hospice; as you have to relate to the patients position, feel with them and stand by them. Reacting, also plays a role in hospice, how the employee reacts with a client affects the client. In conclusion, emotional connections are the keys to compassion. Two communication issues are revealed in this article; firstly, if a hospice misbehaves towards a client it affects the feelings of the client, and secondly, hospices jobs aren’t as easy as they seem, as it is leading to high depression rates. This study reveals that the contours of compassion in organizational life are complex and dynamic, which I personally agree on. The hypothesis stated was proven, and makes complete sense ‘Conceptualization highlights the integral role of communication’. Helping provide insight on adaptive and energizing emotional processes and illustrating how work can be meaningful, important, and lead to human growth is an important factor to our lives. Care, generosity and compassion should be traded within workplaces. Other Resources: 1. The ACTive intervention in hospice interdisciplinary team meetings: Exploring family caregiver and hospice team communication journal of computer- mediated communication Elaine Wittenberg-Lyles, PhD (April 1, 2010) 2. Improving the way we die: A coorienation study assessing agreement/disagreement in the organization-public relationship of hospices and physicians Journal of health communication Kathleen S. Kelly, Micheal F. Thompson, Richard D. Waters (September 1, 2006) 3. Hospice and the intangible wonders of being Mary Josephone Mahoney (April 1, 2009)

Principles of the Enlightenment

Margarita Arnold HIS 112-100M Critical Essay #1 The three fundamental principles of the Enlightenment listed in the text of Traditions and Encounters are popular sovereignty, individual freedom, and political and legal equality. According to Gombrich, the author of the A Little History of the World, the three fundamental principles of the Enlightenment are tolerance, reason, and humanity. Traditions and Encounters describes popular sovereignty as a â€Å"contract between the rulers and the ruled† (623).The king or monarch is a representative of the people who has political rights, but the people hold their personal rights to life, liberty, and property. Individual freedom principle ties in to the personal right of liberty as a freedom of speech with no censorship. Political and legal equality states that everyone should be regarded as equals not matter what their profession is. Individuals should participate in creating laws and policy. If there is no general representative el ected, then the people would act as representatives.This is a  laissez faire thought- leave us be or let us do, although not mentioned in Traditions and Encounters as one of the fundamental principles. Laissez faire thought, meaning about the state of French commerce, did come after the Enlightenment, a little before the French revolution. Laissez faire encompasses the three fundamental principles in one thought: leave the people be. A Little History of the World states that tolerance, or common sense could unite all men and all beliefs â€Å"should be respected and tolerated† (214).Reason explained nature and paranormal things such as witchcraft. Gombrich proclaims that reason â€Å"is given in equal measure to all mankind the world over† (215). Human dignity prohibits a person to be publically humiliated. This meant that people could not be marked as criminals by branding or cutting of limbs. From Traditions and Encounters and A Little History of the World individu al freedom and tolerance could be compared as the same principle on the basis of tolerance could be regarded as the right to free speech and common sense that all people deserve.Gombrich pairs reason and tolerance in the same category, whereas they are quite different by reason meaning that things in nature could be explained by trial and error. Gombrich credits Frederick the Great as the bravest king to embrace the Enlightenment ideas because he wanted to make Prussia â€Å"a model state† (217). Gombrich’s assessment of Frederick the Great in A Little History of the World is accurately stated, because Frederick the Great did support the Enlightenment and made things easier for his people.He was still a king of course, and any tried to do what any king would: â€Å"to make Prussia the mightiest of all the German states† (217) The correlation between the Enlightenment and the revolutions are the ideas that the general population could have these rights of freedom , equality, popular sovereignty, and tolerance. Revolution comes after people realize that human rights are not administrated properly with great merits to John Locke, Voltaire, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who were courageous enough to speak out in those turbulent times. The Enlightenment did not single handedly cause the French or American revolutions.The French revolution occurred because of unrests in the middle and lower classes, lack of funds due to Seven Years War and the overindulgent spending of the monarchs. The American leaders were also influenced by the Enlightenment, and fought against their oppressor- England. Equality, freedom of speech and of the press, and religious tolerance are all Enlightenment ideas that were assimilated into the core and the laws of America. In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson wrote about the rights to â€Å"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness†.These ideas resonate John Locke’s argument in where individuals are the governors and that â€Å"the governments derive their power and authority from ‘the consent of the governed’† as stated in Traditions and Encounters, 625. These Enlightenment beliefs led unswervingly to the American Revolution, in which the colonists gained control over their own futures and the future of America. The American Revolution was especially productive, because it led to the establishment of a government by the people and for the people.The French and American Revolutions proved to the world that monarchs and overlords could be dethroned and that the common man, through reason, could attain his freedom. Without these revolutions, Europe would be stuck in an archaic system of monarchs and the Catholic Church ruling through fear and oppression. The differences between the American and French revolutions are that the colonies were revolting against an overseas king, while the lower class French were revolting against their king. The American Revo lution revolted against England, while the French Revolution revolted gainst France, Prussia, Austria, Spain, Britain, and the Netherlands as stated in Traditions and Encounters, 629. The French Revolution and American Revolution were fought in different parts of the world, as well as continents. The French Revolution was by far bloodier with the use of the guillotine, but lacked self-government as described in Traditions and Encounters. Gombrich’s description of the French Revolution in and A Little History of the World is a very violent revolution, which started with a very amusing characterization of the royalty.The kings of France â€Å"were incompetent, and content merely to imitate their great predecessor’s outward show of power† through â€Å"pomp and magnificence† (220). The kings of France were the only ones that did not live in a reality of the Enlightenment. Through the National Assembly, â€Å"terror [was] spread among the enemies of Reasonâ €  (225) and executions of the royalty such as King Louis XVI, and Marie Antoinette prevailed. During the French Revolution, a new violent party emerged named the Jacobins.According to A Little History of the World, the Jacobins were â€Å"not only against the aristocrats: they were against anybody who disagreed with them, and anyone who crossed them lost his head† (224). One of the leaders of the Jacobins was Robespierre, a â€Å"stiff, sober and dry lawyer† (225) who always spoke about virtue. Robespierre was an insuppressible human being with a love for condemning people’s heads to the guillotine. Robespierre at first announced Christianity was an ancient superstition, then accepted God and declared himself as the priest of the Supreme Being.Traditions and Encounters compared to A Little History of the World Does not describe Robespierre the same way as Gombrich does. Robespierre is portrayed in Traditions and Encounters as a â€Å"popular radical† (629) who tried to eliminate Christianity and establish a cult of reason in place of Christianity with new calendar days and year. The Jacobins allowed some rights for women such as property rights, and divorce. It was not mentioned in A Little History of the World that Robespierre died by his favorite execution method: the guillotine.Robespierre was one of the leaders of the Jacobins, and he advanced the ideas of the Enlightenment through the Revolution. Robespierre advanced the Enlightenment through the reign of the Jacobins, and the use of the guillotine, sending people to their deaths who still believed in monarchy. After the French really saw what he had done, his reign of terror has gone too far, Robespierre was sent to guillotine by his own people that he liberated.