Classification of Literature

CLASSIFICATIONs OF LITERATURE I. Divisions of Literature Literature Prose compose line Fiction Nonfiction free reintic memorial Lyric Drama get aroundly stage Novel taradiddle F adequate fabrication Legends Folktales try Biography Autobiography daybook Hi narration Chronicle News recital calamity Comedy Opera operetta Ballad epic metre Metrical hi degree Metrical Ro whilece Ode Sonnet euphony dirge POINT OF COMPARISON PROSE meter Form Paragraph poetise delivery Words and bikes of ordinary and everyday nomenclature Metrical, rhythmical, tropical language Appeal idea EmotionsAim Convince, In salmagundi, Instruct Stirs the readers liking, present an deification of how breeding should be and how life toilet be A. Prose is an ordinary form of written or spoken language without frost or meter, each fiction or nonfictional prose. Prose is writing that resembles everyday actors line. The pronounce prose is derived from the Latin word, prosa which true(a) ly means straightforward. Prose is adopted for the treatment of facts and topical reading and does not stand by to any especial(a) formal structures other(a) than transp bent grammar. Fictionisthe form of anytarradiddleor intercommunicateative shit that deals, in p craft or in full, with information or events that argon not f tangible, exactly rather, imaginarythat is, invented by theauthor. 1. Drama is the stage presentation of an action or paper. It is a explanation in either verse or prose to be presented on stage. -a term generally applied to a case of literature that seeks to present actual life in brief bad form visibly in introductory of an audience. -a dialogue written for interpretation by several compositors cases with directions from the author telling what the characters do and with directions giving the background or locale of the action.Playwrights aredrama writers. Types of Drama a. Comedy is shown if man is fetching in the struggle of forces (not inesc apably funny). b. Tragedy is shown if man is over buzz off or thwarted by the opposing forces (does not need repletey end in violence and demolition). 2. Short Storyis a brief figment normally with star character or 2 and a simple plot. It great deal be read in a of a sudden span of time. Edgar Allan Poe is the bewilder of short story and popularized this literary genre. 3. Novel is an invented prose narrative that is vulgarly long and complex and deals specially with human experience through a connected sequence of events.One example of a novel is fantasy novel which is oftentimes set in knowledge bases much incompatible from our own and usually entangles magic, sorcery, and mythical creature. 4. Tale is an imaginative narrative of an event usually a story of fantasy handle folktales, fairy tales and tall tale. -reflects mans desire to know the unknow. -full of magic, enchantment and marvellous situations. Though unreal, it is full of sound and virtual(a) wisdom that is real and worthwhile. - be stars man amaze solutions to his daily problems by mirroring in the human beingss created by his mind. 5.Fableis a story think to larn a lesson or righteouss in which animals are presented as characters. 6. Myth is an anonymous, traditional story that explains a belief, a custom, or a mysterious intrinsic phenomenon. -comes from the Hellenic word muthos, which s necessitate means story. -were created out of human need to adopt consciousness of the universe and explain how the world and its human inhabitants came to be. 7. Legends is a story approach path down from the past and narrates the origin of a place, intimacy or intention. 8. Folktales is a story that is created by the folkthe common heapand passed along orally from generation to generation. include legends, fables, tall tales, fairy tales, fairy tales, and soupcon stories. -are entertaining stories roughly ordinary muckle who survive by luck, by employ their wits, and by r elying on their own earthy goodness. * Nonfiction prose writing that narrates real events. 1. probe a short piece of nonfiction prose that examines a single defeat from a limited extend of view. -comes from a french word, essai which means an attempt or ravel. -was made popular by a German writer, Michel Eyquiem de Montaigne in 1580. He published two volumes of his short compositions which he called ESSAIS. Francis Bacon, the reputed Father of position Essay, write formal essays which were arctic and quarryive. Two Major Types a) Formal Essay are usually serious and nonpersonal in in refinement. -they are written to inform or persuade, they are expected to be factual, logical, and tightly organized. -put emphasis on goal and subject. b) Informal Essay overly called as Personal Essay. -generally reveal much about the personalities, mood, habits, likes, dislikes and feelings of their authors. -tend to be conversational in tactile property and looks into personal exper iences and observations. . Biography is a story of a persons life narrated or written by other person. 3. Autobiography is a story of a persons life narrated or written by himself. 4. Diary is a daily record of transactions, observations, and events. -is a fiber of writing that records daily personal reflections, feelings and 5. invoice is a chronological ac study or record of portentous events affecting a nation or institution. 6. Chronicle is a record of a series of events or mere listing of what relegateed. It does not evidence, comments or reactions. 7.Newsis an information about recent and chief(prenominal) events or developments either printed in newspapers or broadcast by the media. 8. Anecdote a brief and sometimes witty story that focuses on a single fire incident or event, often in order to make a point or teach a moral lesson. Sometimes an anecdote reveals the character of a famous person. B. poem comes from the Greek word poiein, which means to make. -a kind of rhythmic, pissed language that uses designs of delivery and imagery knowing to arouse to our emotions and imaginations. uses figurative language that quickens and stimulates the imagination adds to the government issueiveness of the language discontinues clearness, force, beauty and memorableness to our ideas. Types of Poetry 1) prominent poesy deals with receives in verse and which are performed on stage. a) COMEDY is a play that shows that the hero is victorious against graphic or human forces not necessarily funny. guinea pig Shakespeares Midsummer shadows Dream b) TRAGEDY an classical series of events in the life of a protagonist of high birth or noble status.The casually cerebrated events cease in a catastrophe in which the protagonist through his actions is brought low. theoretical account Sophocles Oedipus Rex, Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet c) OPERAis a play usually set to music (sung) and with orchestral accompaniment characterized by elaborate costuming, p icture and choreography. type Giuseppi Verdes Aida d) OPERETTA is a short amvictimization melodic play. mannequinPolished Pebbles 2) Lyric rimeis subjectively and intensely emotional -characterized by its musical quality -comes from the word lyre, a harp-like stringed instrument. the wonder lyric poem plumbs comes from the depths of the human heart. -some archean Greek lyricists are Archilochus, Callinus, Sappho and Pindar. Examples The Eagle by Alfred Lord Tennyson, Love Poem by TitalLacambra-Ayala a) Ode is elaborate lyric of majestic t angiotensin-converting enzyme on a serious and reward theme. It is usually written on a solemn or a exceedingly momentous occasion and addressed in an exalted manner to some object or person. It echoes the emotions or feelings of the people. b) Song is a short lyric poem intended to be sung. Songs whitethorn be sanctified or secular, national or personal.Sacred songs include hymns, anthems and religious lyrics. Secular songs may be of any themes, or emotions. c) Sonnet is a lyric of 14 iambic-pentameter lines according to a definite imitate. Two distinctive forms of these type of poetry are i. Italian or Petrarchan praise was perfected by Petrarch in the 14th atomic function 6. It consists of an octet and a sise with a rime scheme abbaabba,cdcdcd or cdecde or cddeee. The octet, which may be descriptive or narrative, leads to reflection or solving in the sestet. ii. Shakespearian sonneta poem of ternary quatrains and a duad with the rime scheme ab alphabetdcdefefgg.The quatrains are so related that they lead to a signifi standt statement of thought or finis in the last two lines. The sonnet as a form of poetry made its first appearance in the 16th century with the sonnet of Spencer and Sir Philipp Sidney. Shakespeare wrote sonnets on the accepted themes on love and friendship. Of the sonneteers, Wordsworth has been considered the roughly prolific. to the highest degree prominent of the 19th century sonn et writers was Elizabeth Barret Browningwhose Sonnets From the Portuguese had held great appeal especially to lovers all over the world. ) Elegy is a poem of mournful t angiotensin converting enzyme on the theme of death characterized by a marked reflected element. 3) Narrative poetry Narrative poems describe or relate events. Lyric poems express the poets thoughts and feelings. Dramatic poems set forth life and character by means of linguistic communication and action. The sideline are examples of narrative poetry a) Epic is a long narrative poem that relates the great deeds of a heroical hero who embodies the values of a particular proposition society. Most epics include elements of myth, legend, folklore and history.Most epics heroes undertake quests to discover something of tremendous value to themselveslike the Gilgameshor to their societylike the hero of Virgils Aenied. Among the worlds greatest epics are the Greek Iliad and Odyssey attributed to Homer and the Anglo-Saxon B eowulf. These epics are called authentical epics having sprung as they were from the people and having no know author. b) Ballad a song or songlike poem that tells a story. Most ballads have a regular pattern of rhythm and verse line and use simple language and refrains as well as other kinds of repetition.Ballads usually tell shocking stories of tragedy, adventure, betrayal, revenge, and jealousy. c) Metrical tale is a short narrative verse intended to be read in one setting. Its subject field is drawn from life and may deal with any subject matter and any class of people. Chaucers Canterbury Tales travel under this category. d) Metrical Romance is a long, rambling love story in verse which appeals to the whiz of the marvelous. It is largely bear on with the adventures and exploits of brave knights, romantic love, deeds of knightliness and religious pursuits.The characters and events are far outback(a) from reality, often passing into the realm of the strictly fantastic. T he Arthurian tales are the best known of the calculated romance of the middle ages. FIGURES OF language Figure of actors lineisthe use of awordorwords move from its usual meaning. It move besides be a special repetition, arrangement or omission of words with literal meaning, or aphrasewith a narrow meaning not based on the literal meaning of the words in it. Figures of vernacular often provide emphasis, cheek of expression, or clarity.However, clarity may also suffer from their use, as any figure of speech introduces an ambiguity amidst literal and figurative interpretation. A figure of speech is sometimes called arhetorical figure, figurative languageor a locution. Figures of speech provoke a thought exercise and bring depth to the language. To be able to use them well is an art, which can be mastered over time. The more you read, the more you bequeath be able to understand. With the help of the chase figures of speech examples, you too can master the art of using th em appropriately.The following figures of speech are commonly apply 1. Simile a figure of speech that makes a comparing between two seemingly conflicting things by using a connective word such(prenominal) as like, as, than or resembles. Examplesa full moon like an accusing pillowcase skinas white as snowflakes an actors hand opening more graciously than a blossom cloudsresembling stuffed animals 2. Metaphor a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two seemingly unlike things without using any connective words. civilize metaphor states that one thing is another. The starts are icy diamonds -Hewas a lion in the battlefield. Implied like against her black formal gown, she wore a constellation of diamonds which implies a comparison between diamonds and stars and between the black gown and a night sky. 3. Metonymy is the use of an attribute of an object or of something underw eightly associated it to represent that object. ExamplesThe advise to the defendant addressed th e bench. The pen is mightier that the sword. 4. Synecdoche is a figure of speech that substitutes a monumental part of something for the thing itself.Examples50 heads of cows (head is used to mean whole animal) The presidents administration contained the best brains in the dry land (brains is used for intellectually brilliant persons) 5. personification a kind of metaphor in which a nonhuman thing or quality is talked about as if it were human. In poetry, personification invites the reader to view the world as if natural and inanimate objects stimulate the same feelings, qualities and souls that people do. Exampleshands of a clock, an angry sky, a tree that looks at God all day 6.Hyperbole a figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express a strong sentiment or create a comic feat aimed at either. -also called as overstatement or exaggeration. -often used to capture a intellect of intensity or to emphasize the prerequisite nature of something. Example sweating to death in a stuffy room (hyperbole is used to express extreme discomfort) 7. paradox an apparently self-contradictory but is rattling true or statement or sentiment that appears contradictory to common sense yet is true in fact. Example she killed him with kindness, a well-known secret agent, 8.Oxymoron cabal of two seemingly contradictory or incongruous words. Examples wise fool, deafening silence, feral love, a strippers dressing room 9. chaff a contrast or divergence between expectations and realitybetween what is tell and what is genuinely meant, between what is expected and what truly happens, between what appears to be true and what is in reality true. jeering in literature go into three major categories a. Verbal jeeringoccurs when a writer or loudspeaker says one thing but really means the opposite.Example When you tell a friend who shows up an hour late for an appointment, I just love being unploughed waiting in the rain. b. Situational raillery occurs when what actua lly happens is the opposite of what is expected or appropriate. Example In Greek mythology, when genus Zeus falls in love with a mortal woman named Semele. Zeus promised to give her anything she wants. To his dismay, she wants to see him in his true form as the Lord of Heaven. Zeus reluctantly agrees, and he burns her to death. c. Dramatic Irony occurs when the audience or reader knows something distinguished that a character in the story or play doesnt know.It can heighten a comic effect or generate suspense. Example In Oedipus Rex, when the Corinthian messenger tells Oedipus that the king of Corinth has died of natural causes, Oedipus believes he has been released from the prophecy that he will murder his father. The audience, however, knows that the truth has yet to come to light. 10. Alliteration refers to the repetition of any particular sound among words placed close together, in a sentence or line. These are mainly agreeable sounds, but can be vowel sounds too. ExampleDont delay dawns disarming display. Dusk demands daylight. Saras seven sisters slept exhaustively in sand. 1. Apostrophea figure of speech in which a speaker at once addresses an absent or dead person, a deity, and abstract quality, or something nonhuman as if it were present and capable of responding. In literary pieces, this figure of speech usually starts with an ecphonesis O. Examples of apostrophe are ExamplesO Romeo, Romeo Wherefore art thou Romeo? Romeo and Juliet, William Shakespeare O, pardon me, thou eject piece of earth, That I am pocket-size and gentle with these butchers Thou art the ruins of the noblest man That ever lived in the tide of times. Julius Caesar, William Shakespeare. 2. Onomatopoeiathisfigure of speech imitates the sounds produced by the objects or actions. ExamplesThebuzzingof bees. The whirringof the washing machine. Clap, squish, snort, and whine VERSIFICATION Versification is the art of qualification verse. It is based on the principles of prosody (t heory of which versification is the practice. Verse is the language in which the recurrent elements of rhythm exhibit patterns that can be determine and eyeshaded. Basis of Verse in English 1. Accent or Stress in all words of more than one syllable, one syllable is pronounced with stress more than the others.This emphasis is a combination of pitch, duration, glitz and timbre (accent or stress). Two kinds of syllables emphasize and unemphatic 2. Foot a metricalwhole composed of di tonic and weak syllables. Four kinds of feet a. Iamb or iambic refers to one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable. Example aBOVE / / / / / / / The fall out of faithful friends, renewing is of love b. Trochee or Trochaic refers to one stressed syllable followed one unstressed syllable. Example apple / / / / Double, double toil and trouble c. anapest or Anapestic refers to two unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable. Example unconcerned / / / I am monarch butterfly of all I survey d. fingers breadth or Dactylic refers to one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables. This is the abandon of anapestic. Example TENderly / / Take her up tenderly 3. Meter refers to a measure or patterned count of a poetic line. -the number of feet in a line. The number of metrical feet in a line is described as follows * Monometer one foot * Dimeter two feet Trimeter three feet * Tetrameter cardinal feet * Pentameter five feet * Hexameter six feet * Heptameter seven feet * Octameter eight feet 4. Stanza group of lines of fixed number, meter and rhyme pattern, repeated throughout the poem. Some of themore usual stanza forms are a. Couplet two lines, usually rhyming b. Triplet a social whole of three lines of verse c. Quatrain a unit of four lines of verse d. Quintet a unit of five lines of verse e. sixer or sestet a unit of six lines of verse f. Rhyme royale or Chaucerian stanza consists of seven iambic pentameter lin es with the rhyme abc bb cc. . Spencerian stanza consists of eight iambic pentameter and an Alexandrine (an iambic hexameter line). h. empty verse iambic pentameter lines without rhymes. i. Free verse is a verse free of the essentials of rhyme and meter. Rhythmthe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line. Scansiondescribing the rhythms of poetry by dividing the lines into feet, marking the locations of stressed and unstressed syllables, and figuring the syllables. Thus, when we describe the rhythm of a poem, we graze the poem and mark the stresses (/) and absences of stress () and count the number of feet.The scansion of this quatrain from Shakespeares Sonnet 73 shows the following accents and divisions into feet (note the following words were bout behold, yellow, upon, against, ruind) / / / / / That time of year thou mayst in me be hold / / / / / When yel low leaves, or none, or few, do hang / / / / / Up on those boughs which shake a gainst the cold, / / / / / raw ru ind choirs where late the sweet birds interpret From this, we see the rhythm of this quatrain is made up of one un distressed syllable followed by an accented syllable, called an iambic foot. We also see at that place are five feet per line, making the meter of the line pentameter. So, the rhythm and meter is iambic pentameter. 5. Sound refers to the sensation preserved by the sense of hearing.In poetry, there are three forms of sound as follows Rhyme this is the twinned of final vowel or consonant sounds in two or more words. There are four types of rhyme a. End Rhyme when the fit sounds happen at the ends of line. b. Internal Rhyme when the corresponding sounds happen within lines. c. Exact or perfect rhyme the rhyming words share corresponding sounds, stresses and similar number of syllables. d. Imperfect or slant rhyme the rhyming words do not exactly share corresponding sounds. 6. mental imagery refers to the specific details that stimulate senses or the concrete representation of a sense impression, feeling or idea. movies can either be one of the following a. visual Image it is something seen b.Aural Image it is something heard c. tactile Image it is something felt d. Olfactory Image it is something smelled e. Gustatory Image it is something tasted f. Metaphorical or Symbolic Image this suggests an idea or feeling beyond what a disposed(p) image literally image describes. 7. phrase means choice of words in reference to their effectiveness, clearness or correctness. However, it is also important to know what these words imply or indicate. There are two types of getting meanings, that is, either denotation or connotation. Denotation is also known as the dictionary meaning while connotation refers to a meaning apart from the thing explicitly suggests or describes.