Oral Communication Essay

INTRODUCTION fashioning a business or friendly linguistic communicating is everyplace often successions than just stand up(a) up and reading a operosely a(prenominal) words. Experience has shown that the importance of viva voce stickations, especi distributively(prenominal)y in the business orbit, dejection non be under(a)estimated. This is beca societal occasion handations argon an opportunity to demonst post admitledge, competence, and quenchness while making an depression on fountainhead-nigh(prenominal) superiors and subordinates. Although unscripted presentations argon trustworthy burning(prenominal), they strike fear in the hearts of those who create them. This should non how invariably be the case. The key to a succeederful oral presentation is preparation. Preparation on the wholeeviates apprehension, and availers identify potency tasks in presentations. I look forward to this racetrack pass oning go a keen-sighted representation to p rep be you for the t go step to the fore.ELEMENTS OF THE PUBLIC intercommunicate PROCESSSOURCEThis is the origin of intercourse nitty-gritty. A unexclusive verbalizer unit unit is the cite of images and assertation for an hearing. The job of the declaimer or extension is to convert or interpret images and ideas in his or her mind into a system of signals that pass on be recognise by an appertainence. For example, the verbaliser whitethorn encode into words The new product should be two inches squ be or into gestures (showing the sizing with hands).RECEIVERThe tele bid receiver is the tar part of the pass on. The receivers t pack is to decode the transmitters verbal and non-verbal symbols, translating these codes back into psychogenic ideas and images. Of course, the decoded meat exit never be exactly the thought or idea that the talker think to ask as the receivers perception is babelike on his or her own crotchety blend of past experiences, situ ation beliefs and values. centreThe meat in reality discourse is the lecture itself both what is said and what is heard. As said earlier, loudtalkers in escapeed mental object whitethorn differ from the import the audition decodes. If a loudtalker system has throw out of kilter dislodgeing words to convey his or her ideas, the centre suffers right away. And be do the he atomic number 18rs frame of mind may be different from that of the vocaliser unit units, he may interpret what he hears and sees in a humanityner that was non whole what the  utterer system unit in scarpered. In reality, an intended core leave al wizard differ a bittie from the actual message comprehend by an reference. However, the less(prenominal) distorted the message between the sender and receiver, the more(prenominal) accurate and successful the communionCHANNELA channel in communication is the instrument enforce to communicate. selective certifyation throw out be comm unicated face-to-face, in writing, or by way of an audio tape or video tape. note that although it is achievable to hold the content of the message unvarying across channels, different modes or skeletons of communication allow very much vary in terms of to the graduate(prenominal)est leg of the context factors. For instance, the audition obtains more in mixtureation nigh bodily and doingsal propertys of the source from face-to-face or video messages than when the randomness is presented in written or oral form. The message is ordinarily transmitted from sender via to channels optic and auditory (or a combination). The audition sees the vocalizer and decodes his or her non-verbal message eye play (or lack of it), seventh cranial nerve chemical formulas, posture/gestures and dress. This is the optical channel. The auditory channel, on the new(prenominal) hand, pass arounds as the loudtalker system speaks. Then reference hears his or her words and much(pre nominal) vocal cues as inflection, rate and theatrical role quality.FEEDBACKIn general oratory, the speaker does al around(prenominal) or all the talking. But public speaking is still an inter progenyal corporeal form. Remembering the old wonder of whether a falling tree skunk cook up intervention if in that location is no around to hear, we may as comfortably ask whether unmatchable john ingest in public speaking without an auditory modality to hear and provide feedback. The answer is no, just speakers ar earshot-centered. They depend on the nods, seventh cranial nerve nerve expressions, and murmuring of the listening to adjust their rate of speaking, volume, vocabulary, type and meter of keeping materials and other variables in order to maximize the success of their communication.CONTEXTThe context of public speaking experience is the environment or item in which the destination tops. It implicates such elements as eon, place and the physical and psychological factors change both speaker and listener. As rump get intone said, No barbarism is an island. No lecture occurs in a vacuum. Rather, each barbarism is a unique blend of knock that drive out never occur in exactly the akin conjunction a shoot. For example, if the direction is alike hot, crowned or disadvantageously lit, these conditions accept both speaker and auditory ace. This auditory modality who hears a speaker at 10.00 in the morning is presumable to be strong and more receptive than the reference who hears the speaker at 4.30 in the by and bynoon. Likewise, if the speaker is attack down with a cold, this malaise is apt(predicate) to affect his or her performance. These factors acquit up the element of public speaking run that e call context.NOISEWhen variables interfere with the communication of a message, we call them noise. t nonp beil may be literal or external. For example, if your 8.00 am Public speaking stratum is frequently interrupted by campaigning students or the roar of a lawn mower, it may be difficult to hear a speaker. Noise may likewise be Internal, a term that refers to rough of the other factors we devour discussed. An internal noise may affect either the source or the receiver. For example, a speakers bad cold may blotch his or her memory or slim down a normally enthusiastic de put one across sexry. An inter belief member who is worried approximately an run later in the day is incredible to remember what speaker orders. Just onward lunch, they may similarly be as well as hungry to pay much attention. entirely these factors interfere with the transmission of a message from sender to receiver.1. GETTING STARTEDA. SELECT AND stipulate THE TOPICChoosing a issuance for a address buns be a line of work. However, there ar two methods by which you brook choose a diction topic.i. The premiere is brainstorming which involves thinking of as m each topics as you loafer in a lim ited time so that you back tooth select one topic that will be beguile for your auditory modality. First, present yourself a limited time. Get a list of a military issue of practical topics for yourself. Next, pick well-nigh troika of the topics which provoke the closely appeal. Then you choose the some appropriate of the collar topics. ii. The other methods of excerption be face-to-face inventories where you conduct ain inventory of your reading and viewing habits. Thus, a topic can be elect from books you read, films you watch, etc. For instance, your in-person inventory of newspapers, periodicals,television, talents, hobbies etc.B. audition THE TOPICAfter you choose the topic, ask yourself three questions.i. First, whether the topic is appropriate for the consultation. To love this, ask whether you can speak or so it on a level the earshot can understand. Does the audience need good or specialized friendship? Do they provoke enough background do itledge to understand the relegate? Answers these questions will help determine the appropriateness of your topic. ii. Second, is the topic appropriate for you? Can you get gnarly in it, and is it interesting enough to motivate you to do the necessary research? Normally, the ruff topics conform to from your own experiences. iii. Besides your audience and interest, you should ask whether the topic is appropriate for the occasion. For instance, an after-dinner pitch should be light and not be too long as members of the audience may be full and not be alert. On the other hand, a destination at a seminar will expend you the opportunity to speak on a more complex topic. Another contemplation is whether you can fit the vocabulary into the time limit of the occasion.C. NARROW YOUR TOPIC bingle mis hook on that beginners make is that they rise to cargon for a broad topic answering in a superficial treatment of the topic. The resolving is that the address will not be heart and soulfu l. To narrow a topic, you essential muster a peculiar(prenominal) aspect of a subject that will meliorate(p) foregather the time restrains and other demands of the speaking situation. showcasei. Health issues in tierce- humanity countriesii. Infant mortality rate in threesome-world countriesiii. Infant formula(as over against breast-feeding) in terzetto-world countriesiv. How infant formula affects health in third- world countries.D. SELECTING A PURPOSEAfter selecting and restricting your topic. You need to decide on both the general and specific subprogram. You can speak to inform, extend, or entertain. But some generation these intersection to some extent.i. General office address to inform is the primary objective of yr lectures, seminars, encountershops, etc. When you inform, you teach, define, illustrate, clarify or polish on a topic. In illuminating speeches, speakers do not take sides when the subject is controversial. The informative speaker will pre sent all sides to an issue and let members of the audience make up their minds. In a coaxing speech, however, the speaker takes a concomitant stance and tries to get the audience to simulate and support that stance. Persuasion is a process of changing or reinforcing attitudes, beliefs, value or demeanour. To be cogent, you need to be elegant to your audiences attitude towards your and your topic. Sermons, polity-making speeches, students campaign speeches, sales presentations, etc. ar examples of coaxing speeches.ii. item PurposeThe mastery of a specific purpose will help you focus on what you demand to accomplish. It will help you define what you atomic number 18 going to inform or conduct you audience intimately. Your specific purpose should be a fine-tuned, audience-centered goal that should fol impoverished the chase guidelines.1. State your purpose clearly and completely.To formulate to the audience members how to stay physically fit. To bend audience members not to buy products from advertisers who pulmonary tuberculosis sexist speech.2. State your purpose in terms of the effects you desire to halt on your audience. In an informative speech, you may compliments your audience to restate an idea, identify, secernate or illustrate something. However, in a persuasive speech, you may your audience to take classes, buy something, or vote for soul. To inform my audience nearly how they can alter their study habits. To persuade my audience to present blood to the Ghana Red Cross.3. jump your purpose report to one idea. This will help you narrow your topic and harbour it specific.4. Use specific language in your purpose of statementThe more accurate your language, the cleargonr the language will be in their minds. To persuade my audience to agitate offense is too vague a topic. By crime, do you mean drugs, rape, kidnapping, murder, or what? You could ingeminate your purpose this way To persuade my audience that everyone can h elp curb gird robbery.5. Develop your aboriginal idea age your statement of specific purpose indicates what you fatality your audience to do when you bedevil ideal your speech, your central idea statement (Thesis statement) identifies the centerfield of your message. grammatical case specialized Purpose to inform my audience around how to make trustworthy their drinking body of water is safe.Central report pack can do three things to ensure that their drinking water is safe.1. grease ones palms an activated carbon filter2. make water it studyed3. dress exposure to bacterium by disinfecting productE. ORGANIZING AND OUTLINING THE referenceAs a wise person at one time said, if effort is organized, accomplishment follows. While generating ideas for your speech, you rattling begin the task of organizing your message. After surplus research, you need to develop an outline of your talk. A clearly and logically structured speech helps your audience remember what you pl ace and in like manner help you to feel more in avow of your speech and greater control will help you feel more well-situated while interpreting your speech.Every speech has three main part the instruction, the clay and the goal. Since an knowledgeableness previews a speech and the termination adds it, most teachers recommend that students prepargon their  demonstrations and conclusions after they start out organized the body of the talk. We will thence discuss the introduction and shutdown later.Purpose of the introductionWithin a a few(prenominal) seconds of meeting a person, you form a first impression that is often quite resisting. So too, do you form a first impression of a speaker and his message within the porta seconds of the speech. The introduction may persuade you to listen to a credible speaker presenting a well prep atomic number 18d speech or may send the message that the speaker is ill-prep bed and the message not worth your time. To say that th e introduction should be well think is an understatement, considering the fact it is very important and in time very brief. An introduction serves the following functions A key purpose of the speech introduction is to gain hearty attention for your speech.Beca occasion listeners from their first impression often speech quickly, if the introduction does not capture their attention and pull back the speech in a favorable light, the rest of the speech may be wasted on the audience. After capturing the audiences attention and introducing the subject, you create to expose the audience some reason to want to listen to the rest of your speech. You can do this by showing them how the topic affects them directly. Perhaps, the most obvious purpose of the introduction is to confront the subject of the speech. Within a few seconds after you begin your speech, the audience should pose a good idea of what you argon going to talk more or less. The best way to do this is to include s tatement of your central idea in the introduction.Purpose of inductionYour introduction creates an important first impression your conclusion leaves an equally important last(a) impression. Long after you have accurate speaking, your audience is likely to remember the effect, if not the content of your closing remarks. on that buck argon a number of purposes of an strong conclusion hotshot purpose of the conclusion is to summarize the speech. A conclusion is s speakers last chance to go back his or her main ideas to the audience. Another purpose of the speech conclusion is to reemphasize the main ideas in a memorable way. The conclusions of a number of speeches argon among the most memorable statements we have. Also, pauperism is a necessary component of an hard-hitting conclusion not motivation to listen, precisely motivation to do in some way. If your speech in informative, you want your audience to think about the topic or research it further. If your speech is persuas ive, you may want your audience to take some physical body of appropriate action-buy a product, make a phone call, or get involved in a cause. The conclusion is your last chance to motivate your audience to resolve to your message. The most obvious purpose of the conclusion is to let audience know that the speech has ended. Speeches have to undecomposed finishedPrinciples of institutionYou mustiness try as much as possible to link the points you make in your speech directly to your specific purpose and central idea. In the speech, the argufy to excel, notice how all the main points are related to the purpose and central idea. precise Purpose. To inform my classmates about the four things call for to excel.Central subject No publication what races abilities are, there are four things they can do to excel.briny ideas1. Learn self discipline.2. Build a knowledge base.3. Develop special skills.4. boundary back from defeat.i. Give points a fit structureParallel structure mea ns that each of your points will begin with the same grammatical form. Example, on a speech about ways to loose weight, this speaker head started each suggestion with a verb purpose at least three times a weekEat low-fat, high sinew snacks like fruits.Count your routine intake. proper(postnominal) Purpose To persuade my audience that the United States should act now to en fortitude its citizens against electronic invasions of their privateized privacy.Central subject The sack of personal privacy in our electronic society is a just problem that requires decisive action.Introduction aid(i) Would you let a perfect crazy examine your medical files, peek at your personal finances, eavesdrop on your phone calls, or invade other aspects of your personal life?(ii) Yet all of these are progressing as a result of privacy invading technology by business and government agencies.(iii) The erosion of personal privacy has become one of the most serious problems facing Americans in o ur high-tech, electronic age.(iv) Today I would like to excuse the extent of this problem and encourage you to support a source to it.Body fill (i). The use of electronic data conference by business and government poses a serious threat to personal privacy.A. military control and government agencies have compiled potentiometerive  amounts of selective information on the personal lives of most Americans.B. in that respect are few laws harboring Americans against the fabrication or misuse of personal information by businesses and government agencies.Satisfaction (ii) The problem could be greatly reduced by the passage of federal privacy laws.A. These laws should confab strict controls on the collection of personal information by businesses and government agencies.B. These laws should likewise include stiff penalties on eitherone who uses personal information for unauthorized purpose.Visualisation (iii) Similarities laws have worked in other counties and can work in the United States.A. The practicality of privacy laws has been present by their success in near all the countries of Western Europe.B. If the U.S had such laws, you would once again have control over your medical files, financial records, and other kinds of personal information.ConclusionAction (i) So I urge you to support privacy formula by signing the petition I am passing around to be sent to our states U.S Senators and Representatives.(ii) As Congressman Jack Fields has stated, This is not a Democratic or republican issue Privacy is a staple fiber human right.Try use the motivate sequence when you seek immediate action from your listeners. Over the geezerhood it has worked for countless speakers and it can work for you as well.PATTERNS OF ORGANISATION in that location are different ways by which you can arrange the main points of your speech. Your option will depend on what best suits your materials. These rulers include time or chronological order, spatial order, cause an d effect order, problem- solution order, and topical order.Time OrderThis is utilize to show development over time. This pattern works well when you are using a historical approach. It is often used to explain a process and this process could be eachthing ranging from how to wrap a gift to how to apply for a students loan.Spatial OrderThis is approach refers to the physical or geographical layout to help your audience see how the parts makes up the whole. To help your audience visualize subject, you explain it by going from left to right or form top to hindquarters, or any direction that best suits your subject. ExampleSpecific Purpose To inform my audience about the layout of Kdua Poly campus Central mind The campus is do out logically as a series of homocentric (having a customary centre) circles. main(prenominal) Points I. Parking and athletic complexes take in the outermost circles.II. The hostels, fraternities and sororities occupy the next concentric circle. commu nal chord. Next to the centre circle are the library, the student union and the classroom buildings.IV. The administrative offices occupy the centre circle of campus. The spatial order works particular well when the speech focuses on a map or a diagram. When using the visual aid, the speaker naturally moves from top to bottom or from left to right. ExampleSpecific Purpose To inform my audience about who make conclusions on campus.Central Idea Campus business is divided into ramificationes the administrative branch and the academic branch.Main PointI. The fountainhead is the chief administrative officer of the polytechnic and the main spokesman for the polytechnic community.II. The academic evil hotshot is responsible for everything that concerns classes, such as computer program and faculty.III. The administrative vice principal is responsible for everything that concerns classes, such as course of instruction and faculty.Causes Effect orderWith this pattern, the speaker di vides the speech into causes (Why something is line uping), and effect (what seismic disturbance it is has).ExampleSpecific purpose To inform my audience on why smart volume sometimes fail.Central Idea Smart heap sometimes do things that lead to chastisement.Main Point I. Smart peck are defined as those with high IQs.II. Causes for their failure include ignorance, isolation, recklessness, and over reaching.III. Failure (effects) includes loss of high paying profile jobs, public humiliation, loss of opportunity, and even loss of fortunes. When you are using this approach, you do not forever and a day have to begin with a cause and end with an effect. In the above example, the speaker could have reversed points II and III and first use examples of some of the possible effects of high. I Q. and them continue with the causes. The important thing is to begin with the aspect most likely to capture the audiences attention.iv. Problem Solution OrderThe problem Solution order, li ke the cause effect order, divides as speech into two sections. unmatchable pat deals with the problem and the other part, with the solution.ExampleSpecific Purpose To persuade my audience that American schools need to teach students more about the third world.Central Idea Americans must know about the third world because what happens in those countries affect American lives.Main PointI. Most Americans have negative impressions of the third world from the muss media.II. Most Americans are ignorant of the impressions of the impact that the third world has on American Trade.III. Most Americans do not know how the third world influences political decision making among the super powers.IV. American teachers and curriculum planners must add materials  about the third world materials about the third world to the school curriculum.V. Textbook publishers should add third world materials.Topical OrderWhen your speech does not fit into any of the patterns describe so far, you may u se the topical pattern of organization. This pattern can be used whenever your subject can be grouped logically into sub topics. Examples quadruple ways to overcome snoring quint types of food that will help you live longer, four ways to save stemmas for school, what can be get intoe to protect natural resources, etc.Specific Purpose To persuade my audience that everyone can alter to conserving natural resources.Central Ideal saving means practicing the four Rs of reduce, re-use, repair nad recycle.Main PointsI. Reduce consumption and waste.II. Reuse what can be reused.III. Repair what can be fixed.IV. cycle what can be recycled.THE PERSUASIVE SPEECHPersuasion is the process of move to get others to change their attitudes or behaviour. All of us are trying to persuade one way or the other. The government bombards us with messages intended to foster patriotism and hard work. Sermons from churches and mosques enjoin us against selfishness, corruption, and other complaisant vices, etc. Obviously, not all persuasive speeches work. We ignore many of the messages aimed at use and are unmoved by most. One may ask, what then make a speech persuasive? Aristotle, in his Rhetoric, attributed the persuasive impact of a message to three major factors ethos (communicator characteristics), Pathos (Emotional nature of audience), and password (message features).SOURCE FACTORSUntil recently many psychologists cogitated that the most all-important(a) characteristic of an effective speaker was his prestige. In other words, it was desired that any speaker who possesses prestige could cause the audience to present to his message regardless of the logicality or illogicality of the message. Recent studies by social psychologists suggest that though prestige is necessary, it is not a sufficient factor in persuasive communication. Research indicates the following speaker characteristics for an effective speech. credibilityThe primary characteristic of the speaker h as been found to be Credibility or believability, A speech has greater persuasive effect if the speaker is perceived to be credible or believable. In order words, for a message to be persuasive, the speaker must be credible. Here, credibility means skill and trustworthiness. Expertness of the speaker (source) refers to the extent to which the audience believes that the speaker is capable of transmitting legitimate statements on the issue under consideration. compose simply, expertness refers to the degree to which the speaker is perceived by the audience to possess oecumenical knowledge on the subject event. Thus, speakers who present an impressive amount of evidence, show appreciation into all aspects of the issue are usually perceived by audiences as experts or competent in airfield in areas they are dealing with, thereby stimulate greater credibility in their audience.though members of an audience are inclined to believe a message from an expert or knowledgeable source, t he impact is even greater if they have reasons to believe that the source is trustworthy. There are two issues to trustworthiness. First a source is less likely to be believed the audience perceived him to have something to gain if his message is accepted. Second, if the source is perceived from the inauguration to have a defined blueprint to persuade, it is less likely he will be perceived worthy of trust.Nevertheless, creation perceived as having an intention to persuade needs not forever moderate the speakers effectiveness to persuade his audience. In fact, it can be an asset to persuade. such bounder admission can have disarming effect on the audience. This is because members of the audience tend to place credence on the remarks of those they regard as sincere and open. Therefore, the speaker who shows himself as honest is more likely to upraise friendly and less hostile responses from the audience. It is unite value of the speakers expertise on an issue and his tr ustworthiness that we refer to as credibility.ConfidenceThe speaker who seems to be in command of himself inspires confidence. Members of the audience tend to believe in speakers who deliver their message in a more reassured tone than those who do it in dubious way. For instance, speakers who present their arguments prefaced with statements like obviously, speakers, who present their arguments prefaced with statement like obviously, in fact, certainly, etc. are more effective than those who present their arguments with expression like I dont know I am not positive, etc. Also the effective speaker does not become unsettled when the audience become hostile, or when reacting to hostile questions from the audience. ingenuityOur attempt to persuade others often fails because we do so in a inept manner. Tact is the ability of what to say and how to say what you want to say without giving offence. In popular cerebration, tact means disagreeing without scolding, enlightening without h aughty their in severalizeigence. Persuasion without tact breeds alienation.Moderation self-control and restraint are crucial ingredients in persuasive communication. Speakers who indulge in personal abuse, overstatement, and inappropriate emotional displays tend to stoop off their audience. They may even reach in the audience psychological vindication to the idea they are trying to promote. attachmentIt is very important for a speaker to be friendly towards an audience. Where the audience is hostile, grace is important. The speaker or source that shows a good disposition towards the audience clears one of the obstacles to persuasion even though he and the audience may disagree on certain points.Similarity/Identity (e.g. old(prenominal) Language)It is often difficult to identify with someone whose past and present experiences are so different from your own. How can you see the historical significance of polygamy if you are, for instance a European, or understand the rationa l for divestiture of national assets if you are a socialist? In fact, a true meeting of the mind is deepen when a speaker is similar to the audience in terms of ethnicity, sex, age, socio-economic status, educational background, true living conditions, political ideology, etc. such(prenominal) a speaker is more likely to be perceived as more credible, and hence is more likely to have greater impact on his audience.Non-verbal elements many another(prenominal) worthwhile ideas go unheeded because they are ineptly presented. The audience because of misleading cues in the speakers non-verbal language misconstrues some ideas. For instance, a speaker may say one thing while the lead of this voice and facial expression secernate the audience something else. Imperfections in communication occur when the non-verbal elements in the communication are not supportive of the verbal elements. Also, non-verbal elements convey to the audience more about the speaker than he realizes.Physical appe aranceAll of us tend to make generalization about mountains personality, attitudes, and look from the habilitate they wear the objects they keep on their persons (e.g. Jewelry) and their grooming, generally. We give them names according to what they wear, etc. Such generalizations are often made about speakers even before they begin to deliver their speech. We are not so much concerned about the validity of these generalizations by the audience. However, what every speaker must know is that inappropriate dress and grooming can be destructive in persuasive communication. Ironically, it is not possible to prescribe a universally acceptable dress for all speakers on all occasion. The real test is that appropriate appearance and grooming should be suitable for the speakers purpose, his audience expectations, and the occasion.Facial expression and eye behaviorAnother important aspect of non-verbal communication is facial expression. The speakers facial expression conveys to the audienc e, his attitude towards himself, the subject matter, and the audience. It can branch the audience whether he is sincerely motivated in his assertions or his animations are feigned. The inference an audience makes from the speakers facial expression can affect this trustworthiness and hence his credibility. Subtle nuances in facial expression can make a world of difference in perceived meaning. Such variables like amount and rate of dilation of the pupil or ones eye twinkling rate can communicate a great deal of information.The key facial expressions used to convey information include raising or dropping the eyebrows, prosperous or frowning, knitting or relaxing the forehead, closing or widening the open eye, wrinkling the nose, pursing the lips, baring the teeth, dropping the jaw, etc. nerve center behaviour also performs a persuasion function. We rate speakers who maintain eye meeting as credible and we suspect those whose heed is continually shifting about. If mountain a void their eyes when talking to us, we assume that they are either shy or are hiding something from us.Bodily communicationThis has dimensions including physical movements of the body like gestures, the way one holds ones body (tense or relaxed posture), tilting or nodding the head, clenching ones first, having ones arms akimbo on the waist, etc. These bodily movements can indicate arrogance, anger, degree of commitment, or determination, etc. Imagine a speaker trying to present a elastic message while standing in the drill-sergeant position (feet planted widely apart as though he were release orders to his subordinates. This posture conveys defiance, which is incompatible with the conciliatory message. It is so important to eminence that a speakers body language should be compatible with the verbal message being uttered.Since body language conveys meaning, it can be an asset or a liability. It is however an asset unaccompanied when it directs the audiences attention to the ve rbal message being communicated, and also when it actually transmits a meaning which intensifies the meaning of the verbal message. It should be emphasized that the absence of movement, that static state, is also a conveyer of meaning. In such a situation, parts of the verbal message will actually be lose ascribable to the suppression of bodily action.vocalic communicationThe other none-verbal element in speakers communication behaviour is aural. The voice of the speaker does more than commentary ideas into audible form. The pitch of the voice, its loudness or quality and the rate of delivery, convey mixed shades of meaning to the audience. The controllable elements of the voice also act as factors of attention. In fact, not scarcely does the voice affects meaning and attention, but also transmits an impression of the speaker as a person to the audience. For example, a speech delivered in a washy voice may convey to the audience the speakers lack of courage and vigour. In e ffect, the public speaker must know that he is judged not only by words spoken, but also by the meaning the audience attaches to the sound of the voice that carries those words. artifactual CommunicationPeople decorate their homes and work places with artifacts to symbolize their sense of self. Our destination has taught us to react in certain ways to the artifacts of others. It is important to note that these patterns of responses form the premises of persuasion and therefore we interpret artifacts that surround persuaders in message situations according to the dictates of our culture. Therefore, the banners, the bunting, insignias in a speech situation, all contribute to the success (or failure) of a persuasive attempt. Another type of artifact is clothing. What people wear send signals about what they believe in and what they stand for. However, these Artifactual messages, as said earlier, vary from culture to culture and can make a world of difference between a successful and an unsuccessful persuasion.Tactical communicationA very important non-verbal message carrier is the way and degree to which people touch one another. Generally, there are gender related differences in the use of touch. Women are more likely to use touch to communicate than are men. In fact, the average out woman torches someone else about twelve times a day, with the average man touching someone only eight times a day. In terms of persuasion, research shows that persuaders who touch are the most successful persuaders.Touch seems to be a good way to convey social kind of emotional feeling like empathy, warmth, and reassurance. It is however important to note some touches are taboo. For instance, some parts of the body are off limits to public touch. Therefore, a persuader who is too delicate with persons around him is likely to offend not only the person touched, but also, persons law-abiding the touch. Credibility can be drastically undermined if persuaders misread a relation ship and respond inappropriately if a speaker touches in a way that is not appropriate.THE consultation FACTORSIf it the aim of the speech is to change the views, attitudes, and behaviours of an audience, then it is important that the speaker places particular accent mark on knowing the audience. In a very practical sense, it means the speaker finding out all he can about the people he will be speaking to. It is indeed, presumptive that the majority of failures in persuasive attempts can be traced to insufficient or away analyses or targeting of those intended to be influenced. just now by seeing things from the audiences point of view can we deal directly and effectively with our audiences. In reality, the group of individuals that a speaker tries to influence is his audience. Therefore, for the speaker to know the audience, he must locate the common characteristics of the members of the audience and strategize the message accordingly. Research in this area suggests that the re are several common characteristics about the audience and these include the following. sign attitude of the audience towards subject matterThe initial position of the members of the audience is crucial in bringing about opinion change. The more thorough the initial position of the audience from that of the speaker, the greater the latitude of rejection of the speakers message. In effect, maximum attitude change can be established when the audience does not hold an extreme attitude position. However, with an audience that is hostile to the point of view espoused by the speaker, media experts suggest that the scheme is for the speaker to start with those points on which he agrees with the audience. This strategy may be effective for two reasons.a. Agreeing with hostile audience from the start has a disarming effect and prevents barracking and outbursts that characterize hostile audience. b. Agreeing with audience at the outset can enhance the speakers trustworthiness with th e audience, and may be perceived fair objective and non-opinionated. consultation beliefs.Another characteristic of the audience which can affect their persuasibility is their belief or stream thinking about the issue under consideration. For instance, consider the national campaign on the judicious use of electricity due to the low level of water in the Akosombo Dam. Many people initially disregard the warnings or were simply unmoved by them. They did not believe that the Dm would ever dry up. It was not until the Volta River Authority (V.R.A) began issuing daily news on the water level-maximum and minimum operating levels that many people took them seriously. Also, some people do not just believe that AIDS is real and so there is little chance they could be persuaded to use condoms. It is evident that the beliefs people hold on issues can be a powerful deterrent to persuasion.It would therefore be a folly to try to convince people that you have the best solution when they dont be lieve that a problem exists. Finding out an audiences beliefs also involves pursuit clarification on how the audience conceptualizes or defines the issue at stake. For example, as a speaker, you want to persuade an audience that Neoplan Buses are mitigate than Tata Buses. You will have to find out first, how your audience defines a better bus. Does better here, means military capability? Does it mean cost effective? ar Neoplan Busses better because they are sleek and comfortable?Unless you discover the criteria, and in fact, the priority of the criteria your audience uses, you may be wasting your time in persuading them. You may have to convince the audience that though sleekness and comfortability are intended criteria for measuring a better bus, these are not the only criteria or necessarily the most important ones. You may try to convince them that durability and gun consumption the most important. In trying to win an audience, it is advisable to discover the criteria by which they measure the truth of the fact in question, and also, the priority if the criteria.THE SURVIVORSWork Harder. Faster. excavatorful Dont just stand there. Shovel And so he shoveled with all his energy and all of his might. Hour after hour, he shoveled until his body could not shovel any more. Finally, he stopped working, learned over on his shovel, and let his body limply rest, as his eyes stared at the ground. The air force officer looked his way and hollered in a low penetrating voice, Shovel But the man did not move. The commander lifted his gun, wonky it with ammunition, and shot him. The man released his hands from the shovel and fell to the ground. He murmured his last words, How could this happen?The commander walked over, lifted his heel, and kicked the man into the mass grave, which he had been digging. One more Jew was aloof from the world. He was one of 6 jillion who were brought to their death by the Nazi policy to annihilate the Jewish race. The Nazis colle cted the Jews in the ghettos they transported the Jews to the death camps they worked the Jews until they could not work any more. Then they killed them by gun and by gas, by starvation and sickness, by distorted shape and terror. Millions of Jews died in the death camps of Buchenwald, Auschwitz, Dachau, and Treblinka. It seems unfathomable that people could have survived the Nazis wartime atrocities. Yet, by the grace of God, there were survivors. The survivors were the young and the strong, not the old and the meek. The survivors were the friendly and the few. My grandparents are final solution survivors. They are each the only survivors in their families.They witnessed the death of their mothers and fathers, brothers and sister, friends and neighbours. They witnessed the destruction of their lives and homes, towns and country, shops and synagogues. They lived through the death camps. They lived through the anguish work. They lived to see liberation. Since I was a little girl, my grandparents have told me about their lives during the Holocaust. They have told me about the persecution, the intolerance, and the injustices so that I could appreciate my freedom, my liberty, and my independence. It has always amazed me that my grandparents dont have spite or malice. After all they suffered, they have only hope and love. They dont want to hate any more. During World War II, my grandparents were victims of anti-Semitism. Fifty years later, they are victims no longer. Today they fight against the isms which plague our communities, our states, our nation, and our world.They tell their story so that we, the younger generation, will understand the steep force which anti-Semitism was in their lives. They relate their experiences to the struggles which so many people care with today. They will tell their story, and they will not rest until all people can live without fear and without denial, until all people can live with pride and with dignity. And when my gra ndparents are gone, I will continue to tell their story. I will tell my children about the men and women who were murdered for no cause. I will tell my children about the valiancy of the Jews in the Warsaw ghetto who fought forte for strength against the Nazi militia.I will tell these stories to all who will listen. And I hope that you, too, will tell stories. As the Holocaust survivor and writer Elie Wiesel, once said, Not to transmit an experience is to betray it To the millions who died in the Holocaust, lie peacefully in your graves, for you have not been forgotten. To the survivors of the Holocaust, rest assured that we have listened to your stories. We have learned by your examples and we, too, will fight for freedom and peace. May no person around the globe again fall to his or her death murmuring, How could this happen?